关注三维交切构造——出露地表的大陆岩石圈构造解耦面

大陆内部弥散性的变形表明经典板块构造理论未能阐述大陆构造。矿物变形的实验室研究结果、岩石流变学性质随深度改变和地震测深剖面资料都提示大陆岩石圈具有三明治式的强度包络面。任纪舜、张国伟和钟大赉分别把岩石圈不同深度层次的三维交切构造称为立交桥式构造或多向层架构造。它们的出现提示岩石圈发生了构造解耦,新的变形体制在拆离面以上发展起来。前苏联地质学家把它称为岩石圈的构造成层作用。本文列举了喜马拉雅东、西构造结和秦岭造山带可能出露于地表的三维交切构造实例,呼吁重视这类代表大陆岩石圈不同深度层次的构造堆叠体,并把它作为揭示岩石圈构造变形的最佳切入点。     

Titanium Isotope Analysis of Igneous Reference Materials using a Double-spike MC-ICP-MS Method

Ti separation was achieved by ion-exchange chromatography using Bio-Rad AG 1-X8 anion-exchange and DGA resins. For high-Fe/Ti and high-Mg/Ti igneous samples, a three-column procedure was required, whereas a two-column procedure was used for low-Fe/Ti and low-Mg/Ti igneous samples. The Ti isotopes were analysed by MC-ICP-MS, and instrumental mass bias was corrected using a 47Ti-49Ti double-spike technique. The 47Ti-49Ti double-spike and SRM 3162a were calibrated using SRM 979-Cr, certificated value 53Cr/52Crtrue = 0.11339. Isobaric interference was evaluated by analysing Alfa-Ti doped with Na, Mg, Ca, and Mo, and results indicate that high concentrations of Na and Mg have no significant effect on Ti isotope analyses; however, Ca and Mo interferences lead to erroneous δ49/47Ti values when Ca/Ti and Mo/Ti ratios exceed 0.01 and 0.1, respectively. Titanium isotopic compositions were determined for 12 igneous reference materials, BCR-2, BHVO-2, GBW07105, AGV-1, AGV-2, W-2, GBW07123, GBW07126, GBW07127, GBW07101, JP-1, and DTS-2b. Samples yield δ49/47Ti (‰) of ?0.035 ± 0.022, ?0.038 ± 0.031, 0.031 ± 0.022, 0.059 ± 0.038, 0.044 ± 0.037, 0.000 ± 0.015, 0.154 ± 0.044, ?0.044 ± 0.018, 0.010 ± 0.022, 0.064 ± 0.043, 0.169 ± 0.034, and ?0.047 ± 0.025 (relative to OL-Ti, ±2SD), respectively; of which isotopic compositions of DTS-2b, JP-1, GBW07101, GBW07105, GBW07123, GBW07126, and GBW07127 are reported for the first time. Standard Alfa-Ti was analysed repeatedly over a ten-month period, indicating a reproducibility of ±0.047 (2SD) for δ49/47Ti, similar to the precisions obtained for geochemical reference materials.     

活动断层作用下地裂缝开裂机理研究

地裂缝的成因机理争论不断,笔者认为活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为主要原因之一。文章以华北平原典型地裂缝为例,通过详尽地面调查、资料分析总结,结合地球物理勘察、槽探揭露和钻探等多种技术方法,得到以下几点认识:（1）依据全新世浅表层开裂形态特征,可将华北平原地裂缝划分为全新世节理裂隙型地裂缝和全新世活动断层型地裂缝。（2）节理裂隙型地裂缝开裂的外部条件是华北平原地下水位下降,疏干的松散含水层是地表水沿节理裂缝下渗后的储存场所,是产生渗透压力的原因;而活动断层是产生该类地裂缝的内部因素,两者缺一不可;活动断层型地裂缝实质是全新世活动断层。（3）节理裂隙型地裂缝主要特征是地表局部塌陷、间断性、地表无高差等;活动断层型地裂缝主要特征是连续性强,地表断距明显;地表断距是两种类型地裂缝的最主要区别特征。本文首次以构造活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为研究线索,阐述了构造活动断层在地裂缝形成过程中的具体作用,厘清了地下水位下降所扮演的“角色”,为城市规划建设提供了地质依据和建议。     

Sedimentary Records and the late Pleistocene-Holocene climatic changes in Tai Co,Tibet (Xizang)

西藏西部台错湖T1阶地的两个剖面沉积中,除下部10余厘米含炭化植物和50～70 cm处为暗色碳酸盐粘土及粘土外,中、上部全系粘土碳酸盐层,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类.据碳酸盐、介形类、轮藻类的碳、氧稳定同位素值与微体古生物群落生态特征等提供的环境气候变化指标,指示该区距今41.4～4.5 ka BP间气候变化为:在41.4～26.2 ka BP气候较湿润;26.2～25.5 ka BP偏暖稍干;25.5～22.5 ka BP气候暖湿;22.5～21.0 ka BP气候偏冷湿;20.5～17.5 ka BP气候骤冷、偏湿,反映本区处于末次冰期盛冰期;17.5～16.0 kaBP偏冷偏干;16.0～11.8 ka BP气候偏暖湿,为全球间歇性暖事件的响应;11.8～10.4 ka BP气候较冷干,大致相当于新仙女木期,10.4 ka BP气温开始回升;10.4～9.4 ka BP气候偏暖湿;9.4～8.5 ka BP气候呈现短暂暖湿颤动;8.5～7.9 ka BP气候偏干冷,为冰后期强烈降温偏干事件;7.8～6.3 ka BP气候偏暖湿;6.3～4.5 ka BP气候趋向冷干,4.5 ka BP记录了晚更新世晚期以来最大的干燥期.     

燕山东段～下辽河地区中新生代断裂演化与构造期次

通过对燕山东段～下辽河盆地中新生代断裂演化分析,认为中新生代该区共经历了中三叠世末,早侏罗世末,晚侏罗世末,白垩纪末和老第三纪末５期挤压作用。每期挤压作用都形成相应的挤压构造形迹,使得早期盆地萎缩或消亡,或对早期盆地进行改造使其反转。此外,该区还曾经历了中晚侏罗世,白垩纪和新生代３个明显的伸展作用阶段,形成中晚侏罗世断裂盆地,白垩纪断陷盆地和新生代裂谷盆地,构造演化过程中挤压作用和伸展作用交替出现     

城市居民时空行为序列模式挖掘方法

通过问卷调查获得北京市500个家庭的活动日志数据.运用序列比对方法对时空行为序列数据进行序列模式挖掘,对每类序列模式通过频繁模式挖掘出其中潜在有用的行为模式.试验结果表明,序列比对方法与频繁模式挖掘相结合在城市居民行为模式分析中应用成功,其弥补了传统数据分析方法的不足,为复杂时空行为数据的分析提供了一种新视角.     

从沙尘暴变化趋势看全球气候变化

近年来人们对全球气候变化的问题尤为关注,因为,如今气候变化不仅仅是科学问题、环境问题,还是一个国际政治问题、经济问题,事关社会的长远发展.本研究以沙尘暴为切入点,在前人研究的基础上,总结了近年来沙尘暴及沙尘天气发生频率的变化趋势及其地域性差异,并进一步讨论了沙尘暴发生频率变化趋势与温度变化的响应机制,认为沙尘暴发生频率变化与气温变化呈负相关关系.近年来中国沙尘暴发生频率呈整体下降趋势,表明近年来中国气温有整体升高的趋势,这可能是全球变冷大趋势中的次级波动.     

河北省缺水状况、问题及对策

该文阐述河北省水资源由于自产地表水、入境水量减少 ,工农业用水量增加 ,缺水状况日益严重 ,生态环境恶化等问题。并提出加强水资源管理 ,利用经济杠杆 ,促进节水 ,南水北调 ,污水资源化 ,海水淡化等解决河北省水危机的对策措施     

基于地貌分区的1990-2015年中国耕地时空特征变化分析

地形地貌通过分配地表水分和热量制约耕地的利用形式和成效,对耕地质量具有非常重要的决定意义,以地貌分区的视角研究中国耕地变化具有重要意义。根据1990-2015年中国6期土地利用空间数据和地貌分区数据,运用GIS空间叠加分析方法,分析中国耕地1990-2015年的面积变化和空间分布格局,进一步探讨不同地貌分区下的耕地新增与流失方向。结果表明,中国耕地面积略有增加,但总体变化不大,耕地面积从1990年的17715万hm²增加到2015年的17851万hm²,平均每年增加5.44万hm²,每年增幅仅为0.03%。耕地主要分布在平原地区,台地、丘陵次之;新增耕地主要来源为草地、林地和未利用地。东部平原低山丘陵区（I）耕地面积最大,而西北高中山盆地高原区（IV）耕地动态度明显高于其他地貌区。空间上呈现“南减北增,新增耕地的重心向西北移动”的特征。1990-2015年间,西北高中山盆地高原区（IV）和东部平原低山丘陵区（I）为耕地面积增长区,平均每年增加耕地面积分别为8.9万hm²和5.4万hm²;东南低山丘陵平原区（II）和西南中低山高原盆地区（V）为耕地面积减少区,平均每年减少耕地面积分别为5.9万hm²和2.8万hm²;而华北—内蒙东中山高原区（III）和青藏高原高山极高山盆地谷地区（VI）耕地面积几乎没有变化,平均每年变化仅为0.15 万hm²和0.06万 hm²。耕地流失主要发生在东部平原低山丘陵区（I）和东南低山丘陵平原区（II）,主要原因为城镇化进程加快带来的建设用地对优质耕地的大量占用;而新增耕地主要发生在西北高中山盆地高原区（IV）,多来自于对草地和未利用地的开垦。     

Elements and Element Components of the Rural Landscape in Linpan of Western Sichuan in Relation to Perception,Preference and Stress Recovery

Natural environments contribute to people’s perception, preference and health restoration. Many researchers have focused either on the positive effects of overall rural environments on stress recovery or concentrated on the perception and preference aspects of the rural landscape, but few have integrated perception, preference and stress recovery simultaneously. This paper developed a framework which includes 11 elements and 38 element components related to Linpan, China, and distributed it online as part of a survey. As a result, a total of 324 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire included demographic details, perception and preference degree for Linpan, as well as self-estimations of stress recovery. Stepwise multiple linear regression was employed, and revealed 16 significant predictors for the perception, preference and stress recovery in rural environments. In terms of elements, atmosphere and imagery were the two elements that could be best perceived, while woodland, farmland, water, residence and road were the five most important elements for the preference. Moreover, seven elements were also identified as significant predictors for stress recovery. Among the element components, tranquility as well as road and water proximity were the two significant predictors for perception, while wide visibility as well as woodland and residence blending contributed significantly to stress recovery. The five element components of woodland interior, vegetable field, stream, courtyard space and branch road each had a significantly predictive ability for preference and stress recovery. These findings extend the understanding of the perception, preference and restorative properties of rural environments through the combination of elements and element components in Linpan of Western Sichuan, helping to improve the quality and characteristics of rural external and internal environments and create health-promoting environments.