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71.
Gertraud Meißl Clemens Geitner Andreas Batliner Klaus Klebinder Bernhard Kohl Gerhard Markart 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14186
The Brixenbach valley is a small Alpine torrent catchment (9.2 km2, 820–1950 m a.s.l., 47.45°, 12.26°) in Tyrol, Austria. Intensive hydrological research in the catchment since more than 12 years, including a hydrogeological survey, pedological and land use mapping, measurements of precipitation, runoff, soil moisture and infiltration as well as the conduction of rainfall simulations, has contributed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment, its subcatchments and specific sites. The paper presents a synthesis of the research in form of runoff process maps for different soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics, derived with the aid of a newly developed Soil-hydrological model. These maps clearly visualize the differing runoff reaction of different subcatchments. The pasture dominated areas produce high surface flow rates during short precipitation events (1 h, 86 mm) with high rainfall intensity, whilst the forested areas often develop shallow subsurface flow. Dry preconditions lead to a slight reduction of surface flow, long rainfall events (24 h, 170 mm) to a dominance of deep subsurface flow and percolation. 相似文献
72.
73.
K. Müller M. Städter F. Rachow D. Hoffmannbeck D. Schmeißer 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(8):3771-3778
The catalytic conversion of CO2 is an important component for the reintegration of secondary products like CO2 or H2 into the energy supply. An example is the “power to gas” concept with a conversion of CO2 into CH4. The CO2 is transferred into a carrier of chemical energy, with the possibility to feed the produced CH4 into the existing network of natural gas. At temperatures of around 350 °C, hydrogenation of CO2 to CH4 is possible by the Sabatier reaction CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O. One prerequisite for efficient kinetics of the Sabatier reaction is the application and optimization of catalysts. The focus of catalyst development is given to their performance under the conditions to be expected in the special application. As a part of the project Geoenergy-Research (GeoEn), we address questions related to the catalytic utilization of CO2 produced in the course of the oxyfuel combustion of lignite. In this contribution, we report on the experimental setup in laboratory scale, which enables an advanced characterization of the catalytic performance, including thermodesorption measurements at atmospheric pressure in order to determine the amount of adsorbed CO2 under real conditions. We also show data for activation energies, the catalytic performance as function of temperature and the long time stability of a commercial Ru-based catalyst. 相似文献
74.
75.
Empirical-statistical downscaling and error correction of regional climate models and its impact on the climate change signal 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
Realizing the error characteristics of regional climate models (RCMs) and the consequent limitations in their direct utilization
in climate change impact research, this study analyzes a quantile-based empirical-statistical error correction method (quantile
mapping, QM) for RCMs in the context of climate change. In particular the success of QM in mitigating systematic RCM errors,
its ability to generate “new extremes” (values outside the calibration range), and its impact on the climate change signal
(CCS) are investigated. In a cross-validation framework based on a RCM control simulation over Europe, QM reduces the bias
of daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, precipitation amount, and derived indices of extremes by about one order
of magnitude and strongly improves the shapes of the related frequency distributions. In addition, a simple extrapolation
of the error correction function enables QM to reproduce “new extremes” without deterioration and mostly with improvement
of the original RCM quality. QM only moderately modifies the CCS of the corrected parameters. The changes are related to trends
in the scenarios and magnitude-dependent error characteristics. Additionally, QM has a large impact on CCSs of non-linearly
derived indices of extremes, such as threshold indices. 相似文献
76.
Lydia A. Olaka Eric O. Odada Martin H. Trauth Daniel O. Olago 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(2):629-644
Sequences of paleo-shorelines and the deposits of rift lakes are used to reconstruct past climate changes in East Africa.
These recorders of hydrological changes in the Rift Valley indicate extreme lake-level variations on the order of tens to
hundreds of meters during the last 20,000 years. Lake-balance and climate modeling results, on the other hand, suggest relatively
moderate changes in the precipitation-evaporation balance during that time interval. What could cause such a disparity? We
investigated the physical characteristics and hydrology of lake basins to resolve this difference. Nine closed-basin lakes,
Ziway-Shalla, Awassa, Turkana, Suguta, Baringo-Bogoria, Nakuru-Elmenteita, Naivasha, Magadi-Natron, Manyara, and open-basin
Lake Victoria in the eastern branch of the East African Rift System (EARS) were used for this study. We created a classification
scheme of lake response to climate based on empirical measures of topography (hypsometric integral) and climate (aridity index).
With reference to early Holocene lake levels, we found that lakes in the crest of the Ethiopian and Kenyan domes were most
sensitive to recording regional climatic shifts. Their hypsometric values fall between 0.23–0.29, in a graben-shaped basin,
and their aridity index is above unity (humid). Of the ten lakes, three lakes in the EARS are sensitive lakes: Naivasha (HI
= 0.23, AI = 1.20) in the Kenya Rift, Awassa (HI = 0.23, AI = 1.03) and Ziway-Shalla (HI = 0.23, AI = 1.33) in the Main Ethiopian
Rift (Main Ethiopian Rift). Two lakes have the graben shape, but lower aridity indices, and thus Lakes Suguta (HI = 0.29,
AI = 0.43) and Nakuru-Elmenteita (HI = 0.30, AI = 0.85) are most sensitive to local climate changes. Though relatively shallow
and slightly alkaline today, they fluctuated by four to ten times the modern water depth during the last 20,000 years. Five
of the study lakes are pan-shaped and experienced lower magnitudes of lake level change during the same time period. Understanding
the sensitivity of these lakes is critical in establishing the timing or synchronicity of regional-scale events or trends
and predicting future hydrological variations in the wake of global climate changes. 相似文献
77.
F. Rohrer D. Brüning E. S. Grobler M. Weber D. H. Ehhalt R. Neubert W. Schüßler I. Levin 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1998,31(1-2):119-137
Ambient mixing ratios of NO, NO2, and O3 were determined together with the photolysis frequency of NO2, JNO2, at a rural, agricultural site in Germany. The data were collected during the POPCORN-campaign from August 1 to August 24, 1994, in a maize field 6 m above ground. The medians of the NO, NO2, and O3 mixing ratios between 10:00 and 14:00 UT were 0.25, 1.09, and 45 ppbv, respectively. The corresponding median of JNO2 was 6.0 · 10–3 s–1. NOx = NO + NO2 showed a strong diurnal variation with maximum mixing ratios at night, suggestive of a strong local surface source of NO, probably by microbial activity in the soil. The estimated average emission rate was 40 ng(N) m–2 s–1 of NOx, the major part of it probably in the form of NO. The available measurements allowed the estimation of the local NOx budget. At night the budget is almost closed and the measured NOx mixing ratios can be explained by the local source, local dry deposition of NO2, formation of NO3 and N2O5, and vertical exchange of air across the nocturnal inversion. During day-time, the local surface source of NO is not sufficient to explain the measured mixing ratios, and horizontal advection of NOx to the site must be included. The NO2/NO ratio during the morning und late afternoon is lower than predicted from the photostationary state owing to the local NO surface source, but is regulary higher during the hours around noon. For noon, August 10, 1994, the NO2/NO ratio was used to derive the momentary lower limit for the concentration of the peroxy-radicals of 2.2 · 109 cm–3 (86 pptv). 相似文献
78.
Remote sensing is an efficient tool for temporal monitoring of inaccessible alpine glacial terrain. This study discusses the methods of remote sensing in visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths, which are helpful in providing important information about alpine glaciers. The scope of this study covers recent advances and prospects in optical and thermal remote sensing of glacier facies, glacier velocity, mass balance, glacial hazards and automated mapping techniques. The technology is ever evolving with the advent of new remote sensors capturing data in visible/IR wavelengths and better digital computing technology. An extensive list of significant studies further helps the reader to explore a particular topic of interest. We survey recent advances in this field and additionally highlight the emerging prospects. 相似文献
79.
80.
H. Lammer A. Hanslmeier J. Schneider I. K. Stateva M. Barthelemy A. Belu D. Bisikalo M. Bonavita V. Eybl V. Coudé du Foresto M. Fridlund R. Dvorak S. Eggl J. -M. Grießmeier M. Güdel E. Günther W. Hausleitner M. Holmström E. Kallio M. L. Khodachenko A. A. Konovalenko S. Krauss L. V. Ksanfomality Yu. N. Kulikov K. Kyslyakova M. Leitzinger R. Liseau E. Lohinger P. Odert E. Palle A. Reiners I. Ribas H. O. Rucker N. Sarda J. Seckbach V. I. Shematovich A. Sozzetti A. Tavrov M. Xiang-Grüß 《Solar System Research》2010,44(4):290-310
After the discovery of more than 400 planets beyond our Solar System, the characterization of exoplanets as well as their host stars can be considered as one of the fastest growing fields in space science during the past decade. The characterization of exoplanets can only be carried out in a well coordinated interdisciplinary way which connects planetary science, solar/stellar physics and astrophysics. We present a status report on the characterization of exoplanets and their host stars by reviewing the relevant space- and ground-based projects. One finds that the previous strategy changed from space mission concepts which were designed to search, find and characterize Earth-like rocky exoplanets to: A statistical study of planetary objects in order to get information about their abundance, an identification of potential target and finally its analysis. Spectral analysis of exoplanets is mandatory, particularly to identify bio-signatures on Earth-like planets. Direct characterization of exoplanets should be done by spectroscopy, both in the visible and in the infrared spectral range. The way leading to the direct detection and characterization of exoplanets is then paved by several questions, either concerning the pre-required science or the associated observational strategy. 相似文献