The impact of boundary on the fractional advection–dispersion equation for solute transport in soil: Defining the fractional dispersive flux with the Caputo derivatives

The inherent heterogeneity of geological media often results in anomalous dispersion for solute transport through them, and how to model it has been an interest over the past few decades. One promising approach that has been increasingly used to simulate the anomalous transport in surface and subsurface water is the fractional advection–dispersion equation (FADE), derived as a special case of the more general continuous time random walk or the stochastic continuum model. In FADE, the dispersion is not local and the solutes have appreciable probability to move long distances, and thus reach the boundary faster than predicted by the classical advection–dispersion equation (ADE). How to deal with different boundaries associated with FADE and their consequent impact is an issue that has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper we address this by taking one-dimensional solute movement in soil columns as an example. We show that the commonly used FADE with its fractional derivatives defined by the Riemann–Liouville definition is problematic and could result in unphysical results for solute transport in bounded domains; a modified method with the fractional dispersive flux defined by the Caputo derivatives is presented to overcome this problem. A finite volume approach is given to numerically solve the modified FADE and its associated boundaries. With the numerical model, we analyse the inlet-boundary treatment in displacement experiments in soil columns, and find that, as in ADE, treating the inlet as a prescribed concentration boundary gives rise to mass-balance errors and such errors could be more significant in FADE because of its non-local dispersion. We also discuss a less-documented but important issue in hydrology: how to treat the upstream boundary in analysing the lateral movement of tracer in an aquifer when the tracer is injected as a pulse. It is shown that the use of an infinite domain, as commonly assumed in literature, leads to unphysical backward dispersion, which has a significant impact on data interpretation. To avoid this, the upstream boundary should be flux-prescribed and located at the upstream edge of the injecting point. We apply the model to simulate the movement of Cl⁻ in a tracer experiment conducted in a saturated hillslope, and analyse in details the significance of upstream-boundary treatments in parameter estimation.     

基于元模式的空间关联规则挖掘方法

空间关联规则可以从空间数据库中发现空间对象之间的隐含的、不明确的空间关系。空间数据库中空间关联规则挖掘研究是空间数据挖掘和知识发现(SDMKD)的主要内容,其主要问题是多层,多关系的规则发现问题。本文把元模式与空间关联规则挖掘相结合介绍了挖掘地理信息系统(GIS)中空间数据库关联规则的常用步骤方法。     

Features of climate change and their effects on glacier snow melting in Xinjiang,China

The features of climate change and their effects on glacier snow melting in the past 50 years (1961–2010) in Xinjiang were studied. Regional climate data for 49 meteorological stations in the Tianshan Mountains and the northern and southern areas of Xinjiang were collected with the aid of techniques such as climatological statistical diagnosis, regional climate models, remote sensing, and geographic information system. The annual average temperature displayed a rising trend across the Tianshan mountainous area and both areas of Xinjiang. The trend was particularly apparent in winter and autumn with the rate of increase in the annual average minimum temperature being significantly higher than that of the maximum temperature. Rainfall also tended to increase in all three areas over the 50-year period, with the magnitude of change being highest in the mountainous area followed by northern Xinjiang and then southern Xinjiang. As a result of the rising temperatures, there was a negative material balance among the region's glaciers, of which the year 1982/1983 was the key year for the development of Tianshan mountain glacier snow. After this date, glacial ablation intensified with an annual change increase in average temperature of 1 °C, leading to a glacier material balance change of about 300 mm. To establish rainfall and temperature sequences for three regional climate change scenarios in the 2011–2050 period, we adopted the delta method using actual measurements during the 1961–2000 period against corrected data from rainfall and temperature simulations. All three scenarios indicated that temperatures will continue to increase, that the increase in rainfall may decrease in mountainous regions but will increase in the basin, and that the speed of glacial ablation in Xinjiang will continue to accelerate.     

典型盆地煤与油页岩共生成矿物质及古气候分析

选取煤与油页岩共生典型盆地山东黄县盆地、辽宁抚顺盆地、黑龙江依兰盆地和内蒙古金宝屯盆地,综合分析了其成矿物质特点,认为共生背景下煤岩中的低等动植物和油页岩中的高等植物均比单一矿种下含量高。这一规律可用于勘探、开发煤或油页岩单一矿种时预测其共生矿种存在的可能性。对古气候的分析表明,气候变换在一定程度上制约着煤与油页岩的共生模式,这种共生模式可为古气候研究提供一定依据,反之,通过古气候的变迁也可帮助勘探、开发共生背景下的煤与油页岩。     

黑龙江六九铜矿区岩浆岩年代学及成矿指示意义

六九铜矿床位于黑龙江省大兴安岭成矿带中段,龙江铜、金、钼成矿亚带.为了探讨矿床的形成时代和研究该地区岩浆活动,本次对侵入矿体的英云闪长斑岩采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,结果为122.96±0.93 Ma,由此可限定成矿时代上限,结合区域铜成矿规律,推测六九铜矿的成矿时代为晚侏罗世—早白垩世,成矿背景是蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋俯冲闭合有关的造山—造山后环境.对区内出露的绢英岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,结果为303.7±1.6 Ma,代表其原岩花岗闪长岩的结晶年代为晚石炭世晚期,结合区域地质调查成果,表明研究区自华力西晚期以来存在多期次岩浆活动.     

Ancient landslide in Wanzhou District analysis from 2015 to 2018 based on ALOS-2 data by QPS-InSAR

Natural Hazards - Landslide is a global environmental geological hazard caused by natural or human activities. Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges reservoir area, the geological disasters...     

Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field,North China

Niutuozhen geothermal field is located in the Jizhong graben, belonging to the northern part of Bohai Bay Basin in North China. Chemical and isotopic analyses were carried out on 14 samples of the geothermal fluids discharged from Neogene Minghuazhen (Nm), Guantao (Ng), and Jixianian Wumishan (Jxw) formations. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O in water, δ¹³C in CH₄, δ¹³C in CO₂, and ³He/⁴He ratio in the gases were analyzed in combination with chemical analyses on the fluids in the Niutuozhen geothermal field. The chemical and isotopic compositions indicate a meteoric origin of the thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures estimated by chemical geothermometry are in the range between 60 and 108 °C. The results show that the gases are made up mainly by N₂ (18.20–97.42 vol%), CH₄ (0.02–60.95 vol%), and CO₂ (0.17–25.14 vol%), with relatively high He composition (up to 0.52 vol%). The chemical and isotopic compositions of the gas samples suggest the meteoric origin of N₂, predominant crustal origins of CH₄, CO₂, and He. The mantle-derived He contributions are calculated to be from 5 to 8% based on a crust–mantle binary mixing model. The deep temperatures in the Jxw reservoir were evaluated based on gas isotope geothermometry to be in the range from 141 to 165 °C. The mantle-derived heat fraction in the surface heat flow is estimated to be in the range of 48–51% based on ³He/⁴He ratios.