新疆昌吉喀拉扎山U形谷的发现及其古气候意义

笔者等在新疆乌鲁木齐西南40 km的喀拉扎山脊北侧发现十几条并排分布的U形谷,而U形谷之间以刃脊相隔。这些U形谷发育在上侏罗统巨厚层长石砂岩露头表面,据其形态和分布特征属于冰川悬谷。这个发现揭示了喀拉扎山脊以南曾经发育过海拔2000 m的冰帽,而冰帽的发育时间为更新世,更可能是晚更新世。中国西北尚无第四纪冰帽的报道,本文的发现为中国西北地区第四纪冰川和古气候研究提供了新的材料。由于新疆比青藏高原海拔低、更加干旱,新疆U形谷的发现也为青藏高原更新世大冰盖的存在提供了新的佐证材料。     

Comprehensive evaluation of urban flood-bearing risks based on combined compound fuzzy matter-element and entropy weight model

The extreme precipitation events caused by climate change and the rapid development of urbanization have brought hidden flood risks to the cities. This paper comprehensively considered two major factors of vulnerability of urban flood-bearing and disaster prevention and mitigation (DPAM) capacity and built a comprehensive evaluation index system for urban flood-bearing risks. Secondly, a combined model consisted of composite fuzzy matter-element and entropy weight model was constructed to calculate the comprehensive risk indicator. Finally, the Zhengzhou City was taken as an example, the comprehensive indices of urban flood-bearing risk from 2006 to 2015 were evaluated. The results showed that the comprehensive risk of Zhengzhou City was generally on a slow upward trend, from II level (moderate-risk) in 2006 to III level (secondary high-risk) in 2015, which was mainly due to the mismatch between the rapid development of urbanization and the slow improvement of DPAM capabilities. This paper is expected to provide scientific reference and technical support for urban flood disaster prevention and sponge city construction.

     

A method for frost jacking prediction of single pile in permafrost

In this paper, a model is proposed to simulate frost jacking performances of a pile foundation within an axisymmetric pile–soil system through a coupling strategy. We consider three diversified stages for frost heave of adjacent foundation soil below freezing point, where mathematical expressions for the volumetric strain are given in terms of volumetric ice content, negative temperature and porosity. A modified strain-softening model characterizing frozen soil–pile interactions is established based on experimental results, taking into account the effects of normal pressure, negative temperature and moisture content. The proposed computational approach is then illuminated and validated via the numerical example of a simplified bridge pile foundation under natural permafrost condition. Variation of temperature regime, volumetric ice content, displacement and stress over time is analyzed. This model can be further applied to evaluating effects of different countermeasures that mitigate frost jacking hazard of single pile subjected to cold climate.

     

加强市场监管强化基础测绘--临沂市测绘工作成绩突出

近年来,临沂市认真贯彻落实测绘管理法律法规,加强测绘市场监督管理,全面推进基础测绘建设,积极探索适合本地经济发展的测绘管理模式,测绘工作取得了明显成效。     

Study on “buoyancy-viscous force” of slurry-like soils

In newly completed hydraulic-fill dump sites, the water content of dredged slurry is usually more than two times of the liquid limit, objects can be stabilized after penetrating into dredged slurry for a certain depth. This property can be defined as the “buoyancy-viscous force” of slurry-like soils in this study. To investigate the mechanism of specific bearing capacity of slurry-like soils, the interaction between the penetrating objects and the slurry was observed. Based on the boundary layer theory of viscous fluid and the energy conservation principle, a theoretical model was established to calculate the “buoyancy-viscous force” of slurry-like soils, and then validated by load-controlled penetration tests in laboratory. It is indicated that the model prediction agreed with the experimental results very well when the water content is more than two times of the liquid limit.     

Large deformation finite element analysis of the installation of suction caisson in clay

The suction caisson (or called suction anchor) which is considered as a relatively new type of foundation of offshore structures, has been extensively studied and applied for offshore wind turbines and oil platforms. The installation of the suction caisson is of great importance in the design and construction because it can bring about several issues and further influence the performance of holding capacity in safety service. In this paper, large deformation finite element (FE) analyses are performed to model the installation of suction caisson (SC) by suction and jacking in normally consolidated clay. The penetration of the suction caisson is modeled using an axisymmetric FE approach with the help of the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation which can satisfactorily solve the large deformation problem. The undrained shear strength of the clay and elastic modulus are varied with depth of soil through the subroutine VUFIELD. The numerical results allow quantification of the penetration resistance and its dependence on the installation method. The centrifuge test and theoretical solution are used for the FE model validation. After the validation, the penetration resistance, the soil plug heave, and the caisson wall friction have been examined through the FE model. Based on the numerical results, it is shown that the ALE technique can simulate the entire suction caisson penetration without mesh distortion problem. The installation method can play an important role on the penetration resistance, namely, the suction installation reduces the penetration resistance significantly compared to the purely jacked installation. With a further study on the suction case, it is found that as the final applied suction pressure increases, the soil plug heave increases, while the penetration resistance reduces with increase of the final suction pressure. The effect of the friction of internal caisson walls has been also investigated and a conclusion is drawn that internal wall friction has a significant contribution to the penetration resistance and it can be implicitly represented by varying coefficient of internal wall friction. As for the penetration resistance, both jacked and suction installation have great dependency on the internal wall friction.     

辽宁省净初级生产力时空演变及其对地形因子的响应

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是评估生态环境质量的重要指标之一,为了探明辽宁省生态环境变化,利用MODIS-NDVI数据及CASA模型,对辽宁省2000—2018年NPP进行估算,并在此基础上分析了近19 a辽宁省NPP时空变化特征及其对地形因子的响应。结果表明：2000—2018年辽宁省植被NPP呈波动上升趋势,空间分布特征为东部高西部低;NPP变化趋势率为2.89 gC·m^-2·a^-1,其中,87.4%的地区呈增加趋势,且辽西北地区波动变化最为显著;高程和坡度对NPP变化的影响明显高于坡向;随着高程增加,NPP表现为先增加后平稳的趋势,高程500 m左右出现NPP最大值;随着坡度增加,NPP表现为先增加后略有减小的趋势,坡度35°左右出现NPP最大值;在高程为500 m以上、坡度为15°—35°范围内,NPP值最大。     

Impacts of Drought and Human Activity on Vegetation Growth in the Grain for Green Program Region,China

The Chinese government adopted six ecological restoration programs to improve its natural environments. Although these programs have proven successful in improving local environments, some studies have questioned their performance when regions suffer from drought. Whether we should consider the effects of drought on vegetation change in assessments of the benefits of ecological restoration programs is unclear. Therefore, taking the Grain for Green Program(GGP) region as a study area, we estimated vegetation growth in the region from 2000–2010 to clarify the trends in vegetation and their driving forces. Results showed that: 1) vegetation growth increased in the GGP region during 2000–2010, with 59.4% of the area showing an increase in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI). This confirmed the benefits of the ecological restoration program. 2) Drought can affect the vegetation change trend, but human activity plays a significant role in altering vegetation growth, and the slight downward trend in the NDVI was not consistent with the severity of the drought. Positive human activity led to increased NDVI in 89.13% of areas. Of these, 22.52% suffered drought, but positive human activity offset the damage in part. 3) Results of this research suggest that appropriate human activity can maximize the benefits of ecological restoration programs and minimize the effects of extreme weather. We therefore recommend incorporating eco-risk assessment and scientific management mechanisms in the design and management of ecosystem restoration programs.     

Simulating Sustainable Urban Development by Incorporating Social-ecological Risks into a Constrained CA Model

A key solution to urban and global sustainability is effective planning of sustainable urban development, for which geo-techniques especially cellular automata (CA) models can be very informative. However, existing CA models for simulating sustainable urban development, though increasingly refined in modeling urban growth, capture mostly the environmental aspect of sustainability. In this study, an adaptable risk-constrained CA model was developed by incorporating the social-ecological risks of urban development. A three-dimensional risk assessment framework was proposed that explicitly considers the environmental constraints on, system resilience to, and potential impacts of urban development. The risk-constrained model was then applied to a case study of Sheyang County, Jiangsu Province in the eastern China. Comparative simulations of urban development in four contrasting scenarios were conducted, namely, the environmental suitability constrained scenario, the ecological risk constrained scenario, the social risk constrained scenario, and the integrated social-ecological risk constrained scenario. The simulations suggested that considering only environmental suitability in the CA simulation of urban development overestimated the potential of sustainable urban growth, and that the urbanization mode changed from city expansion that was more constrained by social risks to town growth that was more constrained by ecological risks. Our risk-constrained CA model can better simulate sustainable urban development; additionally, we provide suggestions on the sustainable urban development in Sheyang and on future model development.