富营养化湖泊中硫酸盐对蓝藻衰亡产甲烷过程的影响

随着外源性硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的持续性输入,富营养化湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度持续升高.野外长期监测结果表明,近几十年太湖水体的SO₄^2-浓度逐渐升高,达到了96 mg/L的水平.此外,富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华衰亡会产生并释放大量的甲烷（CH₄）,湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度升高是否会对沉积物产CH₄过程造成影响仍缺乏相关研究.本实验构建了蓝藻水体沉积物微宇宙系统,通过添加30、60、90、120和150 mg/L五组浓度的硫酸盐,探究不同SO₄^2-浓度下蓝藻衰亡过程中水体的SO₄^2-、还原性硫化物（∑S^2-）和CH₄的变化规律.结果表明,蓝藻聚积衰亡的第6~9天硫酸盐还原作用最为强烈,此时水体中的SO₄^2-浓度快速下降到最低值,依次为7.65、8.87、21.21、41.14和56.54 mg/L.伴随着硫酸盐还原过程的进行,水柱中∑S^2-的浓度不断上升,并达到最高值,依次为4.77、6.98、7.49、7.49和7.43 mg/L.蓝藻聚积衰亡的第10~21天水体中的SO₄^2-浓度维持在较低水平,∑S^2-浓度逐渐下降,并趋近于0.培养开始时,CH₄增长缓慢,SO₄^2-浓度下降之后,CH₄浓度逐渐上升,并在第6~9天迅速上升,培养结束时,CH₄的最终浓度随着水体初始SO₄^2-浓度的增加而降低,依次为546.39、207.24、79.61、37.25和5.56 μmol/L,CH₄的浓度与初始水体SO₄^2-浓度呈指数型负相关关系.因此,对于精准评估富营养化湖泊的产甲烷过程,需要考虑不断上升的SO₄^2-浓度所带来的影响.     

2017年9月大气环流和天气分析

2017年9月大气环流的主要特征是极涡强度接近常年,欧亚大陆中高纬环流呈多波型,西太平洋副热带高压明显偏西偏南,强度接近常年。9月全国平均降水量62.0 mm,较常年同期（65.3 mm）偏少5%;全国平均气温为17.8℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,为1961年以来第一高。月内主要出现了10次区域性强降水过程。9月在西北太平洋和南海共有4个台风生成,其中1716号台风“玛娃”在我国广东省登陆。月内四川、云南部分地区秋雨明显,全国13个省（市、区）遭受风雹灾害,内蒙古中东部旱情持续缓和。     

华东区域模式对河南“7·19”特大暴雨的数值检验与分析

采用9 km分辨率的华东区域模式预报产品,对2016年7月19日发生在河南省的极端暴雨过程进行天气学检验与分析,结果表明:1)华东区域模式提前60 h对本次暴雨过程做出了较好预报,能反映出该暴雨过程的降水中心、强度及强降水发生时段。对临近时效和极端暴雨中心极值,该区域模式表现出优于全球模式的预报能力。2)华东区域模式能较好预报出本次过程中对流层中低层主要影响系统,但对系统位置、强度和移速预报与实况的差异导致了降水落区预报的偏差;西南急流预报较实况偏强是导致豫东南暴雨区空报的原因之一。3)华东区域模式对暴雨发生前K指数分布及不稳定层结有较好预报,对暴雨预报业务有重要指示意义。4)模式能较好地刻画出地面辐合线及气旋位置。     

日本福岛核事故对我国辐射环境影响的监测与分析

2011年3月11日,日本东北海域发生9.0级地震并引发海啸,受此影响日本福岛第一核电站发生核泄漏事故。3月26日,我国黑龙江监测站首次在空气样品中监测到来自日本福岛的放射性元素I 131,监测持续近一个月。基于我国31个省(区、市)的大气放射性浓度监测记录,综合利用Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model(HYSPLIT)模式的扩散轨迹模拟技术和大气环流形势,分析讨论了日本福岛核事故泄漏期间我国大气放射性环境水平。整个监测期间,我国I 131的浓度最大值位于吉林省8.01 mBq·m-3,发生在4月7日左右,与在此期间我国东部地区的持续东风紧密相关;此外,华北、东北和西北的整体I 131相对浓度较高。Cs 137和Cs 134的最大值均发生在新疆地区,浓度分别为1.55和1.42 mBq·m3;与此同时,其全国平均浓度呈双峰型变化,峰值分别发生在4月4日和9日左右,其结果反映了大气环流和排放速率变化的综合影响。我国西北和华北的监测浓度值较高。此外,还就Cs 137/I 131和Cs 134/Cs 137的比值与其他国家的监测结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,我国监测到的Cs 137/I 131比值在0.04～0.9之间,其值变化范围较大,且整体呈上升趋势,与此同时,整个监测期间Cs 134/Cs 137比值在1附近摆动。     

Understanding land use and cover change impacts on run‐off and sediment load at flood events on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau has been experiencing large‐scale land use and cover changes (LUCCs) over the past 50 years. It is well known about the significant decreasing trend of annual streamflow and sediment load in the catchments in this area. However, how surface run‐off and sediment load behaved in response to LUCC at flood events remained a research question. We investigated 371 flood events from 1963 to 2011 in a typical medium‐sized catchment within the Plateau in order to understand how LUCC affected the surface run‐off generation and sediment load and their behaviours based on the analysis of return periods. The results showed that the mean annual surface run‐off and sediment load from flood events accounted for 49.6% and 91.8% of their mean annual totals. The reduction of surface run‐off and associated sediment yield in floods explained about 85.0% and 89.2% of declines in the total annual streamflow and sediment load, respectively. The occurrences of flood events and peak sediment concentrations greater than 500 kg/m³ showed a significantly downward trend, yet the counterclockwise loop events still dominated the flood event processes in the catchment. The results suggest that LUCC over the past 50 years resulted in significant changes in the water balance components and associated soil erosion and sediment transportation in the catchment. This was achieved mainly by reducing surface run‐off and sediment yield during floods with return period of less than 5 years. Run‐off–sediment load behaviour during the extreme events with greater than 10‐year return periods has not changed. Outcomes from this study are useful in understanding the eco‐hydrological processes and assisting the sustainable catchment management and land use planning on the Loess Plateau, and the methodologies are general and applicable to similar areas worldwide.     

Evapotranspiration partitioning using a simple isotope‐based model in a semiarid marsh wetland in northeastern China

Partitioning evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) in wetlands is important for understanding the hydrological processes in wetlands and the contribution of wetland ET to local and regional water cycling and for designing effective wetland management strategies. Stable water isotopes are useful in the application of ET partitioning through the evaluation of the isotopic compositions of E (δ_E), T (δ_T), and ET (δ_ET) obtained from observation or modelling methods. However, this approach still suffers from potentially large uncertainties in terms of estimating the isotopic endmembers. In this study, we modified the traditional isotope‐based ET partitioning methods to include leaf‐level biological constraints to separately estimate the relative contributions of T from Scirpus triqueter and Phragmites australis and the relative contributions of E from the standing surface water in a semiarid marsh wetland in northeastern China. The results showed that although the δ_T values of S. triqueter and P. australis were rather similar, the mean δ_T values of the 2 species were different from the values of δ_E, making it possible to distinguish the relative contributions of E and T through the use of isotopes. The simulation of leaf water using a non‐steady‐state model indicated obvious deviations in leaf water enrichment (δ_Lb) from isotopic steady states for both species, especially during early mornings and evenings when relative humidity was highest. The isotopic mass balance showed that E accounted for approximately 60% of ET, and T from S. triqueter and P. australis each contributed approximately 20% to ET; this implied that the transpiration of one reed was equivalent to that of 5.25 individuals of S. triqueter. Using the estimated ratio of T to ET and the measured leaf transpiration, the total ET was estimated to be approximately 10 mm day^?1. Using the NSS‐Tr method, the estimated ET was higher than the water loss calculated from the water level gauge. This indicated that the river water and surrounding groundwater were the sources of the marsh wetland, with a supply rate of 8.3 mm day^?1.     

Beach ridges of Dali Lake in Inner Mongolia reveal precipitation variation during the Holocene

Variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation during the Holocene remains of debate. In this study, we use a closed lake with well-dated lake beach ridges located on the margin of the East Asian summer monsoon, a region highly sensitive to monsoon precipitation changes, to obtain a temporal sequence of water volume in North China. The elevation of each beach ridge calibrated to the modern lake level was surveyed. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of undisturbed sediments of beach ridges was performed. The lake area and water volume corresponding to each beach ridge were calculated using a digital elevation model. This study reveals relatively reduced monsoon precipitation from ~12 to 7 ka interrupted by strengthening of the monsoon circulation to a maximum from ~7 to ~5 ka and followed by greatly reduced monsoon intensity until the present day. These results demonstrate that changes in the East Asian summer monsoon precipitation may not be directly driven by global temperature or atmospheric CO₂ content. Rather, we suggest that variation in the the monsoon margin precipitation is probably mainly driven by ice volume and subordinately by the summer solar insolation difference between mid-latitude land and low-latitude ocean.     

2006年盛夏川渝地区高温干旱气候形成的物理机制研究

利用1970 2000年、2006年6—8月的NCEP资料,研究2006年盛夏川渝地区高温干旱气候形成的物理机制。通过敏感性试验和控制性试验的对比分析发现,感热加热对青藏高原、川渝地区地面温度的升高、500 hPa高度场的增强有显著作用,而高原高度场的加强有利于西太平洋副高的加强西伸和大陆高压的加强东进;对动力作用的分析发现,高原动力作用在这次高温干旱事件中的作用不是唯一的,川渝地区上空异常强盛的下沉气流是由西太平洋副热带高压、大陆高压以及高原北侧南伸气流共同作用造成的;感热加热是导致川渝地区高温干旱天气发生和维持的首要原因。     

用多普勒雷达对三次强对流天气的短时预报对比分析

利用2006年6月12日夜间、7月12日凌晨和7月12日夜间天津地区3次强对流降水过程的多普勒雷达产品资料,对比分析发现:在降水的开始和成熟阶段,多普勒雷达径向速度场的变化一般先于回波强度场的变化,在做降水短时预报时应重点关注多普勒雷达径向速度场的变化,同时还可参考Auto-nowcaster系统的预报结果,通过判断未来雷达回波的强度变化及移动方向,提高对强对流降水过程的短时预报准确率.     

全球气候变暖中南北半球海冰变化的差异

应用海冰面积资料,分析在全球气候变暖下,南北半球海冰季节和年际变化的差异,结果表明:冬季南半球海冰面积为北半球的1.13倍,而夏季仅为北半球的2/5,南半球海冰的季节变化比北半球更为显著,其季节振幅为北半球的1.6倍.1979--2006年,北半球海冰总面积呈显著减少趋势,夏秋季最快,特别在1990年代中后期以来,减少尤为迅速;夏秋季,整个区域海冰为均一的减少趋势,北冰洋靠近北太平洋的近海变化最为迅速,冬春季,主要发生在北太平洋海域.南半球海冰自1980年代初以来有所增多,四季整个区域海冰并未呈均一的减少趋势,而是有一显著减少中心,位于南极半岛附近,两个增多中心,分别位于罗斯海外围和西南印度洋一带.随夏一秋一冬一春的季节转换,3个中心区域位置存在东移和返回的过程.