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Preparation of κ-carra-Oligosaccharides with Microwave Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Method

A rapid method of microwave assisted acid hydrolysis was established to prepare κ-carra-oligosaccharides. The optimal hydrolysis condition was determined by an orthogonal test. The degree of polymerization(DP) of oligosaccharides was detected by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE). Considering the results of HPTLC and PAGE, the optimum condition of microwave assisted acid hydrolysis was determined. The concentration of κ-carrageenan was 5 mg m L-1; the reaction solution was adjusted to p H 3 with diluted hydrochloric acid; the solution was hydrolyzed under microwave irradiation at 100 for 15℃ min. Oligosaccharides were separated by a Superdex 30 column(2.6 cm × 90 cm) using AKTA Purifier UPC100 and detected with an online refractive index detector. Each fraction was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS). The data showed that odd-numbered κ-carra-oligosaccharides with DP ranging from 3 to 21 could be obtained with this method, and the structures of the oligosaccharides were consistent with those obtained by traditional mild acid hydrolysis. The new method was more convenient, efficient and environment-friendly than traditional mild acid hydrolysis. Our results provided a useful reference for the preparation of oligosaccharides from other polysaccharides.     

Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfill with retaining walls rotating about the top

Currently, knowledge of the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top (RT mode) is still lacking which leads to inaccurate estimations of the earth pressure. Numerical simulations using finite element limit analysis find that under the effects of backfill geometries, interface strengths, and soil properties, the upper soil layer supported by soil arching retains its integrity and the lower soil layer is sheared by multiple curved sliding surfaces in the limit state. Based on the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills, a calculation model is established which considers the soil arching effect, curved sliding surface, and cohesive soils. Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top are derived by using the limit equilibrium horizontal slice method. Compared with previous studies, the present method predicts the earth pressure distribution with higher accuracy. Several extensive parametric studies have also been conducted. Thus, decreasing the aspect ratio of backfills, increasing the inclined angle of natural slopes, interface strengths, and soil cohesion are beneficial for maintaining backfill integrity and reducing earth pressure against retaining walls.

     

Effects of internal pores on the mechanical properties of marine calcareous sand particles

Calcareous sand is a typical problematic marine sediment because of its angular and porous particles. The effects of internal pores on the mechanical properties of calcareous sand particles have rarely been investigated. In this paper, the apparent morphology and internal structure of calcareous sand particles are determined by scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography tests, finding that the superficial pores connect inside and outside of the particles, forming a well-developed network of cavities and an internal porosity of up to 40%. The effects of particle morphology and internal porosity on the mechanical responses of particle were investigated by conducting photo-related compression test and 3D numerical simulations. Two failure modes are observed for the porous calcareous sand, i.e., compressive failure indicates that the particle skeleton is continually compressed and fragmented into small detritus without obvious splitting, and tensile failure indicates that the particles are broken into several fragments when the axial force clearly peaks. Calcareous sand particles with a high internal porosity or with small and dense pores often exhibit compressive failure, and vice versa. The particle strength is considerably reduced by increasing the internal porosity, but affected by pore size in nonlinear correlation. The crushing stress–strain points can be well fitted by an exponential curve, which is supplied for discussion.

     

The study of rockfall trajectory and kinetic energy distribution based on numerical simulations

Natural Hazards - Rockfall trajectory and kinetic energy distribution are the main components of rockfall research. In many cases, limited by site conditions, field experiments cannot be conducted...     

Application of Robust Estimation Method in Study of Relationship Between Lake’s Water Area and Water Level

Better understanding of the relationship between lake’s water area and water level plays an important role for the monitoring of floods and droughts. At present, there are many analysis and research on the relationship between water area and level, but the estimation criteria are mostly based on ordinary least square, which has no ability to resist the gross error. In this paper, the equivalent weight estimation method with robustness ability is introduced. We use the proposed method in study of the Poyang Lake which is the largest freshwater lake in China. The area extraction data and water level records spans the period from 2009 to 2013. Four models (linear, exponential, logarithmic and quadratic polynomial) of water area and water level are constructed by regression analysis. Meanwhile, two kinds of common weight function factors are applied to analyze the quadratic curve model. The experimental results show that the quadratic polynomial fitting performs best, and the solution of the equivalent weight function method is closer to the realism than least square. We note that the proposed robust estimation method can dynamically monitor the water area and water level, which provides a theoretical basis for similar research.     

Contextual Analysis Based Approach for Detecting Change from High Resolution Satellite Imagery

Spatial contextual feature plays an important role in high resolution remote sensing image. A new approach based on local variance analysis is introduced to spatial contextual feature extraction for change detection in this paper. In the proposed approach, the change magnitude between the paired central pixels of a local area (e.g., a 3 × 3 sliding window) in multitemporal images depends on surrounding pixels in the difference image, and this change magnitude is quantitatively measured based on the standard deviation of the difference image within the local area. This difference image contextual property may be useful particularly when high-resolution images are used. Finally, the change magnitude image is classified as a binary CD map by using SVM. This proposed approach is applied to SPOT-5 multitemporal datasets and two QuickBird multitemporal images from two case studies, which are quantitatively compared and validated. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is feasible.     

Initiation conditions of shallow landslides in two man-made forests and back estimation of the possible rainfall threshold

Rainfall-induced shallow landslides and debris flows are one of the most common erosion process and primary channel initiation mechanisms in many steep landscapes. Their initiation conditions are physically controlled by the soil properties and topographically influenced by the competition between area- (A) and slope-dependent (S) sediment transport process. In this work, the A-S relationship of landslides in two forests was compared with respect to the physical properties of soil and plant roots. The results reveal that landslides in the Pinus tabuleaformis forest commonly have larger surface- and contributing area, deeper failure plane and gentler slope gradient than those in the Larix Kaemphferi forest. The saturated hydraulic conductivity in the Pinus tabuleaformis forest is higher and strongly correlates to plant root biomass. The effective cohesion and inner frictional angle of soil mass in the two forests are similar. Faster saturated hydraulic conductivity may lead to the higher upslope contributing area of landslides in the the Pinus tabuleaformis forest. A combination of finite-slope model and precipitation interception model reveals that landslides in the Pinus tabuleaformis forest require higher rainfall amount that those in the Larix Kaemphferi forest. Last but not least, this work provides a clue that strong root network and high saturated hydraulic conductivity may promote the A-S condition.

     

A new hybrid method for establishing point forecasting,interval forecasting,and probabilistic forecasting of landslide displacement

Natural Hazards - In addition to its inherent evolution trend, landslide displacement contains strong fluctuation and randomness, and omni-directional landslide displacement prediction is more...