Evaluation of surfactant performance in in situ foam flushing for remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil

The aim of this study was to select the appropriate surfactant for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil using an in situ foam-flushing technique. The research investigated the performance of the nonionic surfactants polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether, polysorbate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, as well as the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, in foam static characteristics, solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, adsorption loss onto soil, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption from contaminated soil using a foam-flushing approach. Considering the above four criteria, the overall performance suggested polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether should be selected for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil due to its better foamability and stability, relatively high solubilization ability for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and greatest contaminant desorption efficiency from soil via foam flushing. Results of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption experiments showed that desorption efficiency of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane by different surfactants was largely influenced by foam static characteristics and solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane rather than adsorption loss onto soil, which indicated that foam static characteristics and solubilization ability of surfactants were two key criteria for selection of high-performance foam surfactant.     

L2-LBMT: A Layered Load Balance Routing Protocol for underwater multimedia data transmission

Providing highly efficient underwater transmission of mass multimedia data is challenging due to the particularities of the underwater environment. Although there are many schemes proposed to optimize the underwater acoustic network communication protocols, from physical layer, data link layer, network layer to transport layer, the existing routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) still cannot well deal with the problems in transmitting multimedia data because of the difficulties involved in high energy consumption, low transmission reliability or high transmission delay. It prevents us from applying underwater multimedia data to real-time monitoring of marine environment in practical application, especially in emergency search, rescue operation and military field. Therefore, the inefficient transmission of marine multimedia data has become a serious problem that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, A Layered Load Balance Routing Protocol (L2-LBMT) is proposed for underwater multimedia data transmission. In L2-LBMT, we use layered and load-balance Ad Hoc Network to transmit data, and adopt segmented data reliable transfer (SDRT) protocol to improve the data transport reliability. And a 3-node variant of tornado (3-VT) code is also combined with the Ad Hoc Network to transmit little emergency data more quickly. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can balance energy consumption of each node, effectively prolong the network lifetime and reduce transmission delay of marine multimedia data.     

Assessment of tidal range energy resources based on flux conservation in Jiantiao Bay,China

La Rance Tidal Range Power Station in France and Jiangxia Tidal Range Power Station in China have been both long-term successful commercialized operations as kind of role models for public at large for more than 40 years. The Sihwa Lake Tidal Range Power Station in South Korea has also developed to be the largest marine renewable power station with its installed capacity 254 MW since 2010. These practical applications prove that the tidal range energy as one kind of marine renewable energy exploitation and utilization technology is becoming more and more mature and it is used more and more widely. However, the assessment of the tidal range energy resources is not well developed nowadays. This paper summarizes the main problems in tidal range power resource assessment, gives a brief introduction to tidal potential energy theory, and then we present an analyzed and estimated method based on the tide numerical modeling. The technical characteristics and applicability of these two approaches are compared with each other. Furthermore, based on the theory of tidal range energy generation combined with flux conservation, this paper proposes a new assessment method that include a series of evaluation parameters and it can be easily operated to calculate the tidal range energy of the sea. Finally, this method is applied on assessment of the tidal range power energy of the Jiantiao Harbor in Zhejiang Province, China for demonstration and examination.     

川西高原理县黄土磁学特征及其影响因素

川西高原河谷阶地和断陷盆地广泛分布厚层风成黄土-古土壤序列,目前对其磁学性质变化机制及古气候意义研究还很薄弱。文章对该区理县黄土-古土壤剖面进行了系统的岩石磁学研究,确定了其磁性矿物种类、含量和颗粒大小的特征及其变化规律。通过结合粒度、色度与地球化学参数,进一步探讨了理县黄土-古土壤磁性的主控因素。结果表明:1)理县剖面同时含有强磁性矿物(为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿)以及弱磁性矿物(为赤铁矿和针铁矿);2)相对黄土层,古土壤层含有更高比例的亚铁磁性矿物;3)成土过程中生成的大量细小强磁性矿物颗粒,是古土壤层S1磁化率增加的主导因素,该模式与黄土高原相似;4)结合色度以及磁学性质,可以较为明确地区分成壤强度;(5)理县黄土剖面物源复杂,磁学特征受到沉积物来源、后期流水和气候的共同作用,利用单一磁学性质(比如磁化率)进行古气候研究会造成多解性。     

哀牢山-红河剪切带中流体记录及地质意义

剪切带作为大陆岩石圈中的局部高应变带,是岩石变质变形作用和流体活动的重要场所。沿着哀牢山-红河走滑剪切带内发育的点苍山深变质杂岩,保存了新生代以来极其丰富的构造热演化信息。在点苍山杂岩体内出露有一系列具有不同构造特征的石英脉,我们选取了遭受剪切变形的石英脉作为主要研究对象,在野外构造观测和室内显微构造特征分析的基础上,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、激光拉曼显微光谱(LRM)以及流体包裹体技术(FI)对其开展了进一步的精细研究。研究结果表明：(1)变形石英脉在显微镜下具有不同类型的塑性变形特征,其中以强烈细粒化和动态重结晶为主要特征的石英颗粒中包裹体类型主要为CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2流体包裹体,包裹体多沿颗粒边界分布;在以条带状和细粒化为主要特征且具有典型核幔构造的石英颗粒中,重结晶颗粒基本不含流体包裹体,石英条带中含有大量水溶液包裹体;在定向拉长的粗颗粒石英中其变形行为主要表现为波状消光和局部应变导致的塑性流动构造,在该类型石英颗粒中只含有水溶液包裹体且无明显分布特征。(2)根据各类流体包裹体测温数据估算出包裹体捕获温压为500~550 ℃、260~290 MPa,深度约为10 km,其流体来源主要为变质流体,剥露过程中的快速降压使得流体发生相分离及变形作用并导致的水丢失,这是CO2-H2O包裹体与水溶液包裹体出现的主要原因。(3)石英脉中的石英颗粒除含有一定量的包裹体水之外还含有少量的结构水,水在颗粒内部的分布为非均匀状态,通常边部水含量高于核部,同时水的分布特征和含量可随包裹体的变化而改变。(4)重结晶石英颗粒中的包裹体常在颗粒边界富集,认为其边界局部流体压力和流体的渗透或释放能弱化晶体平面,促进晶格位错滑移和溶解蠕变。     

Crustal structure beneath the east side of Pearl River Estuary from onshore-offshore seismic experiment

ABSTRACT

The land-sea transition zone in the northern South China Sea (SCS) records important information from the continental rifting to the seafloor spreading. The crustal structure is the key to explore the deep tectonic environment and the evolution of the SCS. In 2015, the onshore-offshore 3D deep seismic experiment was carried out on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Explosions and air guns were used as sources on land and at sea respectively in this experiment.Onshore seismic stations and Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBSs) synchronously recorded the seismic signals. We focus on an onshore-offshore seismic profile (L2, SE-trending) along the eastern side of the PRE. By modelling the seismic travel times, we constructed a P-wave velocity model along the profile. The model shows that the sediment on land is thin and has seismic velocities of 4.5–5.5 km/s. In contrast, thickness of the offshore sediment gradually increases to more than 4.0 km, and the velocities vary between 2.0 km/s and 4.5 km/s. The onshore and offshore crustal velocities are 5.8–6.8 km/s and 5.5–6.8 km/s, respectively. At depth between 15 km and 20 km, a low-velocity layer (LVL; only 5.9 km/s) is detected, pinching out under the Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ). The LVL has probably accommodated the crustal extension beneath the land area, resulting in low extent of the crustal thinning. A slightly uplifted Moho exists beneath the Dongguan fault depression zone, representing a place where hot mantle materials ascend. Localized thickening of the sediments and rapid thinning of the crust characterize the LFZ, and it can be regarded as a tectonic boundary between the South China (SC) with normal continental crust and the northern SCS margin with extended continental crust.     

现代大气物理学研究进展

简要论述现代大气物理学的主要研究内容与发展历史,重点介绍中国科学院大气物理研究所的科技工作者在云和辐射的相互作用、气溶胶的光学特性、气溶胶的辐射强迫、大气辐射传输、大气组分探测等方面的研究进展与成果,特别是创新性的研究成果.     

广东数字遥测地震台网运行维护管理的探索

介绍广东数字遥测地震台网自投入正式观测运行以来,在进行台网系统运行维护、台网规范管理和开展地震科研工作等方面所做的一些探索和取得的一些经验。     

区域数字台网新参数的求解

“九五”期间,广东省地震局在原地震遥测台网的基础上建成了广东数字地震遥测台网(以下称广东台网)。数字地震观测系统的建设使地震记录的存储、分析变得十分方便,宽频带、大动态的数字记录中包含了模拟记录所没有的丰富的信息。台网除了完成日常的监测任务,发挥速报效能外,如何从丰富的地震记录里提炼新的信息,是各台网目前面对的问题。本文以2001年4月阳江4.7级地震为例,从中小地震的震源参数和震源机制的求解方面,介绍了广东台网在提供新参数方面所做的一些工作。     

新丰江地区部分地震的震源时间函数

广东省数字遥测地震台网建成以来积累了较丰富的数字化地震记录，作者利用这些数据开展震源研究，得到新丰江地区的部分地震震源时间函数的初步结果。得到结果的3组地震它们各自较大地震的震级分别为ML1．8、2．3和3．0级，对应的震源时间函数上升时间分别为0．07s、0．09s和0．11s，函数形态较为简单。