Extenics Model for Evaluating Vulnerable Degree of Regional Sustaining Hazard Body

The effect of hazard was determined by the dangerous degree of hazard factor-environment and the vulnerable degree of sustaining body. The research into the latter is of importance for the hazard theory and the formation of laws on the mitigation of natural hazards. The way to evaluate the vulnerable degree is the foundation of and the key to the research. In this paper, the extenics model is established to do this job.     

THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE RAINFALL IN CHINA

In this paper, four problems are discussed: (1) the monsoon circulation over southern Asia; (2) the seasonal variation of the general circulation of the atmosphere; (3) the influence of the monsoon on the rainfall in southwestern China; and (4) the source region of water vapor for the rainfall in the Changjiang valley.     

距平模式月际旱涝异常的诊断及预测试验

用地气耦合非定常距平模式对２４个夏季旱涝月个例进行了诊断和预测试验。结果表明,用这种动力与统计外部结合的ＭＯＳ方法进行旱涝预测比较简易可行,并且达到一定的准确率,便于在短期气候预报的业务中推广应用。     

对地球系统模式评估方法的回顾

对地球系统模式评估方法的回顾表明,近些年该领域有明显的进展,包括从单个变量到地球系统五个圈层多变量、多过程、多现象的定量评估,从气候态的评估到气候变化(如趋势性、周期性、年代际变率)、极值、异常和现象的定量评估,从定性评价到定量计算模式模拟的可靠性和不确定性,在多模式的利用中开始考虑模式之间的独立性和相似性,以及对气候预测和预估的效果进行定量评估和不确定性的贡献分析。     

光学弱相干层析成像进展

光学弱相干层析成像技术结合了共焦、弱相干、光外差及扫描层析成像等技术的优点,可实现无损伤、在体检测,具有较高的探测灵敏度和分辨率,可望在生物组织活检中获得广泛应用。本文在讨论ＯＣＴ基本原理的基础上,介绍了ＯＣＴ系统的若干应用,如龋齿、体内器官粘膜的成像检测和对血管结构与血流动力学的成像检测等。     

Hydraulic套管开窗工具在南海西部油田的首次应用

南海西部油田的涠洲11-1N-A12井是一口探边注水井,该井采用威德福公司最新型的液压磨铣套管开窗工具在9-5/8＂套管内进行开窗侧钻,仅用一趟钻就实现了定向、座挂、开窗、修窗和钻进新地层14.12 m,大大节约了钻井时间。介绍了威德福公司的Hydraulic套管开窗系统的组成部件及工具的优点,分析了如何在开窗作业过程中进行钻井参数控制,总结了关于工具的送入、脱手、定向和窗口质量控制等方面的一些经验,可以为以后类似井的套管开窗作业提供技术参考。     

Relationships between carbon isotope evolution and variation of microbes during the Permian–Triassic transition at Meishan Section, South China

This paper investigates kerogen carbon isotopes, the difference between carbonate and kerogen carbon isotopes (Δ¹³C_carb-kero = δ ¹³C_carb − δ ¹³C_kero) and the difference between carbonate and n-C₁₉ alkane compound-specific carbon isotopes (Δ¹³C_carb-n-C19 = δ ¹³C_carb − δ ¹³C _n-C19) during the Permian–Triassic transition at Meishan, South China. The results show that kerogen carbon isotopes underwent both gradual and sharp shifts in beds 23–25 and 26–29, respectively. The differences between carbonate and organic carbon isotopes, both the Δ¹³C_carb-kero and Δ¹³C_carb-n-C19, which are mainly affected by CO₂-fixing enzyme and pCO₂, oscillated frequently during the Permian–Triassic transition. Both the variations of Δ¹³C_carb-n-C19 and Δ¹³C_carb-kero coupled with the alternation between cyanobacteria and green sulfur bacteria indicated by biomarkers. The episodic low values of Δ¹³C_carb-n-C19 corresponded to episodic blooms of green sulfur bacteria, while the episodic high values of Δ¹³C_carb-n-C19 corresponded to episodic blooms of cyanobacteria. The relationships between the variation of carbon isotopes and biota show that the microbes which flourished after the extinction of macroorganism affected the carbon isotope fractionation greatly. Combining the carbon isotope compositions and the pattern of size variation of the conodont Neogondolella, this paper supposes that anoxia of the photic zone at bed 24 was episodic and it would be caused by the degradation of terrigenous organic matters by sulfate reducing bacteria in the upper water column. Considered together with results from previous research, the high resolution variation of the biogeochemistry presents the sequence of the important geo-events during the Permian–Triassic crisis.     

Diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-circular cavity in half-space

This paper presents a closed-form solution for diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-circular cavity in half-space by using wave function expansion method. Accuracy of the solution is checked by the displacement residual and stress residual along the boundaries. Numerical results show that there are notable differences for response amplitudes between a semi-circular cavity and a whole-circular cavity in a half-space.     

非绝热加热和地形共同强迫下斜压大气的环流突变

本文用低谱途径研究了非绝热加热和地形共同强迫下斜压大气流型的突变,结果与由夏至冬季节转换期间,对流层上层副热带高压从高原经度急速东移到大洋上空的观测事实相似.