1997年9月26日意大利中部Umbria-marche地震前的水文地质变化

分析了1997年9月26日意大利中部Umbria与marche交界地区的Umbria-marche地震序列引起的水文体系的变化。为了量化水文体系的变化,从地方当局和矿泉水公司收集了地下水位、泉水的流量以及河水流速等的资料,这些资料可以确定异常的影响面积,并且可以通过与从震前几年资料估算出的年平均体系的对比来量化异常的变化,试图对异常进行判定。分析结果表明,两个含水单元,即Umbria-marche山峰和Val-nerina单元,具有紧密的联系,它们都由于水文系统的改变而受到影响。地震前几个月两条河流测量站记录到了异常变化,认为是地震前兆异常。     

Recolonization and recovery dynamics of the macrozoobenthos after sand extraction in relict sand bottoms of the Northern Adriatic Sea

The long-term effects of sand extraction on macrozoobenthic communities were investigated in an offshore area in the Northern Adriatic Sea characterised by relict sands formed during the last Adriatic post-glacial transgression. Surveys were carried out before, during and 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months after extraction at three impacted and seven reference stations. The operations did not influence the physical characteristics of the sediment, but they caused almost complete defaunation at dredged sites. Univariate and multivariate analyses highlighted that the macrozoobenthic community responses to the dredging operations were (1) a rapid initial recolonisation phase by the dominant taxa present before dredging, which took place 6-12 months after sand extraction; (2) a slower recovery phase, that ended 30 months after the operations, when the composition and structure of the communities were similar in the dredged and reference areas. This pattern of recolonisation-recovery fits well with the commonly encountered scenario where the substratum merely remains unchanged after marine aggregate extraction.     

几种理化因子对斑节对虾白斑杆状病毒(WSBV)感染力的影响

将部分纯化的ＷＳＢＶ暴露于不同理化条件下,通过人工感染的方法测定ＷＳＢＶ的感染力。结果表明,病毒在纯水中１ｈ能保持感染活性,全在３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ的高盐溶液中１ｈ失去感染力;ＷＳＢＶ在３０℃中４ｈ感染活性丧失,在７０～９０℃中１０ｍｉｎ均失去感染力;当环境ｐＨ值为５以下或１２．６以上时,ＷＳＢＶ在１ｈ后丧失感染活性;ＮＰ０－４０,Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ－Ｘ－１００,ＣｌＯ２或甲醛等均能灭活ＷＳＢＶ。     

Derivation of vegetative variables from a landsat tm image for modelling soil erosion

A study was carried out to assess the potential use of satellite thematic mapper (TM) images to produce maps of vegetation-related variables for erosion modelling. In a Mediterranean study area in southern France the (semi-)natural vegetation was described at 33 field plots using four quantitative methods: the Fosberg structural classification system, the cover and management factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, the leaf area index and the total percentage cover. After radiometric correction of the image, the spectral TM bands were processed following three different methods. Each method aimed at combining the data of the six spectral TM bands into a single band in such a way that the resulting image displayed optimal information on green vegetation cover. The algorithms used comprise the normalized difference vegetation index, the conventional ‘tasselled cap’ transformation and a locally tuned tasselled cap transformation. Only slight differences were found between the different methods to calculate spectral vegetation indices for this particular case. Furthermore, the correlations between the field variables and image-derived spectral indices are generally small. The largest correlations were found for the normalized vegetation index and the leaf area index (r + 0·71) and for the normalized vegetation index and Fosberg's structural vegetation classes (r + 0·76). However, Fosberg's method results in very general classes, which are of little use for soil erosion models. Furthermore, the spectral indices appeared to be sensitive for the vitality of the vegetation. Consequently, an area covered by a sensed, senescent vegetation will not yield a large value for the spectral index, but its soil is protected against splash erosion. This might lead to a misinterpretation of the soil protective cover when satellite images are used. A final conclusion is that a balance has to be found between the more accurate, but time-consuming field surveys to gather information on erosion-controlling factors and a certain loss of accuracy associated with the use of quick and easy remote sensing methods.     

Detection of Sahara dust intrusions during mixed advection patterns over south-east Italy: A case study

Measurements from July 4 to July 8, 2005 by a high resolution visible radiometer, a Raman lidar, a ground particulate matter sampler, and ground meteorological sensors have been combined in synergy to infer the intrusion over south-east Italy, of air masses from north-west Sahara, the Atlantic Ocean, and the continental Europe. It is shown that backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles represent the best tools to detect the intrusion of long range transported air masses and to monitor their effects on the vertical distribution of aerosol optical and microphysical properties. High resolution radiometers are instead important tools to monitor changes on columnar aerosol properties and size distributions.Backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles have revealed that aerosol optical and microphysical properties significantly changed with time and space during African dust outbreaks: the intrusion of dust particles that at first occurred above 2 km of altitude extending up to 6 km, affected the all aerosol load down to ground within few hours. Aerosol size distributions showed during dust events a clear bimodality with an accumulation mode maximum at 0.24 µm and a coarse mode maximum at 0.94 μm. Conversely, we have found that during the advection of air masses from the Atlantic and continental Europe, aerosol particles were mainly located below 2 km, their optical and microphysical properties were affected by smaller changes in time and space, and were characterized by depolarization ratios rather close to those due to a pure molecular atmosphere. In this case bimodal size distributions with an accumulation mode showing two sub-modes at 0.16 μm and 0.24 μm, respectively and a coarse mode centred at 0.94 μm have also been observed.     

Soil erosion prediction at the basin scale using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) in a catchment of Sicily (southern Italy)

Soil erosion by water is a serious problem in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily which is one of the Italian administrative regions prone to desertification. Soil erosion not only affects soil quality, in terms of agricultural productivity, but also reduces the availability of water in reservoirs. This study was conducted in the Comunelli catchment in south-central Sicily, to predict potential annual soil loss using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and to test the reliability of this methodology to predict reservoirs siltation. The RUSLE factors were calculated for the catchment using survey data and rain gauge measurement data. The R-factor was calculated from daily, monthly and annual precipitation data. The K-factor was calculated from soil samples collected in May and November 2004. The LS topographic factor was calculated from a 20 m digital elevation model. The C- and P-factors, in absence of detailed data, were set to 1. The results were compared with those obtained from another soil loss estimation method based on ¹³⁷Cs and with the soil loss estimated from the sediment volume stored in the Comunelli reservoir between 1968 and 2004.     

中国煤和烃源岩镜质组的激光诱导荧光显微特征及其应用

应用自行组装的激光诱导荧光显微光度计(LIFM)系统地研究了中国煤和烃源岩中镜质组的荧光强度及荧光变化，建立了镜质组的荧光变化与成熟度之间的相关模式图(R-I-VRo)，该图可解决镜质组反射率抑制问题，并将烃源岩成熟度评价范围扩展到VRo达2．0％左右，该方法对于正确评价烃源岩成熟度具有广泛的应用前景。     

一次暴雨过程中两个降水阶段的差异分析

利用NCEP格点再分析资料和WRF模式输出的高分辨率资料、自动站降水资料、雷达资料对2010年8月14 16日发生在重庆的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程分为两个阶段,降水系统主要有两个:第一阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线;第二阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线和850 h Pa西南低涡,并且第二个阶段内的降水量较大、持续时间也较长。风垂直廓线的时间演变表明,暴雨发生、发展过程中,中低层强西南风风速的下传和低层切变辐合的存在对中尺度对流系统的增强有着重要的作用;数值模拟分析显示,第一阶段,弱的冷平流影响暴雨区,在低空切变线的作用下,引起气团在水平方向辐合,触发中尺度对流系统的发生、发展;第二阶段,中高层强的冷空气倾入降水区,850 h Pa低涡生成后东移至重庆东北地区,其低涡附近的垂直上升运动与700 h Pa切变线附近的上升运动相耦合,强迫抬升中低层暖湿空气并再次触发降水区域的中尺度对流系统。     

The flares of April 1980

We discuss the spatial and temporal characteristics of X-ray flares occurring in the active region NOAA2372 from April 6 to 13, 1980. The flares are seen to extend in most cases across the whole active complex, involving several magnetic features. They originate in an intermediate bipole, between the two main sunspots of the active region, where high magnetic shear was detected. A rapid expansion is seen in some cases, in conjunction with the start of the impulsive hard X-ray bursts. We also detect, in the late phases of some of the events, a large soft X-ray structure overlying the whole active region, which also shows up as a noise storm region at metric wavelengths. These large loops cool by heat conduction but, in some cases, Hα condensations seem to appear, probably as a result of magnetic compression and a condensation mode of the thermal instability. The topological aspects of the field configuration are discussed, in the context of flare models invoking magnetic reconnection at the site of the primary energy release. In such a model, the intermediate bipole is the natural site of initial magnetic reconnection, particle acceleration and heating. In one particular case of a flare observed at the limb, we find possible evidence of particle acceleration in a neutral sheet at the boundary between two clearly defined magnetic structures.