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81.
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83.
Patrick Ludwig Milivoj B. Gavrilov Milica G. Radaković Slobodan B. Marković 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(8):1426-1435
We investigate the glacial climate conditions in the southeastern Carpathian Basin (Vojvodina, Serbia) based on the reconstruction of malacological palaeotemperatures and results from a high-resolution regional climate simulation. Land snail assemblages from eight loess profiles are used to reconstruct July temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The malacological reconstructed temperatures are in good agreement with the simulated LGM July temperatures by the Weather Research and Forecast model. Both methods indicate increasing temperatures from the northwestern towards the southeastern parts of the study area. LGM aridity indices calculated based on the regional climate model data suggest more arid conditions in the southeastern parts compared with more humid conditions in the northwestern parts. However, for present-day conditions, the moisture gradient is reversed, exhibiting more humid (arid) conditions in the southeast (northwest). An explanation for the reversed LGM aridity pattern is provided by an analysis of the prevailing wind directions over the South Banat district (Serbia). The prevailing moist northwesterly winds during summer are not able to compensate for the annual lack of moisture induced by the dry winds from the southeast that are more frequent during the LGM for the other seasons. 相似文献
84.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seepage water can combine with organic pollutants, with Al and heavy metal ions and transport them through the soil profile with a potential to contaminate groundwater. We studied the production of DOC in aerobic decomposition experiments at 8 °C and moisture close to field capacity in soils from two sites with different microbial activities (spodic dystric Cambisols with moder (SLB) and mor‐moder (SLS) layers) using 13C‐depleted plants of differing decomposability (Epilobium angustifolium and Calamagrostis epigeios). Additionally, we investigated the DOC transformation during soil passage in decomposition experiments and in the field for the sites SLB and SLS. For SLS, decomposition of Epilobium resulted in a cumulative CO2 production of 14% of the added C within 128 days. Priming effects were negligible. CO2 production for the experiments using Calamagrostis was less with 11% for SLB and 10% for SLS. Cumulative DOC production was markedly high in the Epilobium decomposition experiment, being 25 g m–2, out of which 11 g m–2 were Epilobium‐derived (2% of the added C). For the Calamagrostis experiments, cumulative productions of DOC and Calamagrostis‐derived DOC (0.1% of the added C for SLS and SLB) were much less. During the soil passage, much of the DOC was removed by sorption or decomposition processes. Field studies at SLS and SLB using 13C natural abundance showed that 13C distribution of soil organic matter increased with depth, probably mainly due to a discrimination of C isotopes by decomposing microorganisms. DOC, however, showed a depletion of 13C from –28γ PDB to –29γ (SLB at 40 cm) or –28 to –30γ (SLS at 20 cm) with depth, owing to preferential decomposition of 13C‐enriched substances or preferential adsorption. This study indicates that DOC production is strongly affected by litter composition and that significant changes in DOC composition may occur during its passage through a soil depth of 40 cm. 相似文献
85.
Impact of recent climate change on the hydrology of coastal Mediterranean rivers in Southern France 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the regional impact of recent climate change on the water resources in southern France. We produced spatial reconstructions of the monthly evolutions of temperature, precipitation and water discharge in 15 watersheds of six coastal river basins and examined the major changes based on trend analysis for the last 40 years. In this part of the Mediterranean, the general warming trend was strongly enhanced by changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns, characterized by a northward extension of the subtropical high pressure domain during spring and summer. During these seasons, monthly warming rates could achieve almost twice the mean annual warming rates. Although annual precipitation did not follow clear trends, water discharge significantly decreased in one third of the watersheds and accounted for an estimated 20% reduction of the water resources in this region. This concerns both the highest and lowest watersheds. In the former, the reduction is likely the result of a temperature induced switch of snowfall to rainfall at high altitudes. In the latter, the reduction of discharge seems to come from lower groundwater levels, which may be related to the temperature increase too, but also have other origins. The recent climatic evolution is consistent with most modelling simulations for the future, indicating that the reduction of the water resources will hold on, probably still enhanced by decreases in precipitation. 相似文献
86.
Formation of the Wiesloch Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in the extensional setting of the Upper Rhinegraben, SW Germany 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Katharina Pfaff Ludwig H. Hildebrandt David L. Leach Dorrit E. Jacob Gregor Markl 《Mineralium Deposita》2010,45(7):647-666
The Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn–Pb–Ag deposit in the Wiesloch area, Southwest Germany, is controlled by graben-related
faults of the Upper Rhinegraben. Mineralization occurs as vein fillings and irregular replacement ore bodies consisting of
sphalerite, banded sphalerite, galena, pyrite, sulfosalts (jordanite and geocronite), barite, and calcite in the Middle Triassic
carbonate host rock. Combining paragenetic information, fluid inclusion investigations, stable isotope and mineral chemistry
with thermodynamic modeling, we have derived a model for the formation of the Wiesloch deposit. This model involves fluid
mixing between ascending hot brines (originating in the crystalline basement) with sedimentary formation waters. The ascending
brines originally had a near-neutral pH (around 6) and intermediate oxidation state, reflecting equilibrium with granites
and gneisses in the basement. During fluid ascent and cooling, the pH of the brine shifted towards more acidic (around 4)
and the oxidation state increased to conditions above the hematite-magnetite buffer. These chemical characteristics contrast
strongly with those of the pore and fracture fluid residing in the limestone aquifer, which had a pH between 8 and 9 in equilibrium
with calcite and was rather reduced due to the presence of organic matter in the limestone. Mixing between these two fluids
resulted in a strong decrease in the solubility of silver-bearing sphalerite and galena, and calcite. Besides Wiesloch, several
Pb–Zn deposits are known along the Upper Rhinegraben, including hydrothermal vein-type deposits like Badenweiler and the Michael
mine near Lahr. They all share the same fluid origin and formation process and only differ in details of their host rock and
fluid cooling paths. The mechanism of fluid mixing also seems to be responsible for the formation of other MVT deposits in
Europe (e.g., Réocin, Northern Spain; Trèves, Southern France; and Cracow-Silesia, Poland), which show notable similarities
in terms of their age, mineralogy. and mineral chemistry to the MVT deposit near Wiesloch. 相似文献
87.
Field and laboratory investigations were performed to identify the principal mechanisms of the hydrochemical groundwater evolution
among low mineralised groundwater in the Triassic Bunter sandstone aquifer of the Odenwald low mountain range, central Germany.
Hydrochemical composition comprises low pH, SO4-rich shallow groundwaters issued by springs (Ca-Mg-SO4-type) grading to SO4-poor deep groundwaters with near-neutral pH (Ca-HCO3-type). Batch experiments of the original rock were run to determine primary mineral alteration reactions and the origin of
dissolved ions. Principal experimental reactions comprise the decomposition of anorthite, K-feldspar, biotite and jarosite
as mineral components of the original sandstone rock and the formation of clay minerals of the smectite group (Ca-montmorillonite,
beidellite), and iron hydroxides as secondary minerals. Mobilisation of fluid inclusion in quartz grains contributes to Na
and Cl concentrations in the leachates. The evolution of deep groundwater circulation proceeds by mineral alteration reactions
calculated by the inverse modelling of both primary and secondary minerals to produce low-T mineral phases. The dissolution
of K-feldspar converts Ca-montmorillonite to illite (illitisation). The formation of Na-beidellite correlates with decreasing
concentration of Na in solution. Mineral reactions further proceed to the formation of kaolinite as stable mineral phase.
As indicated by modelled adsorption curves, the decrease of SO4 concentrations during groundwater evolution relates to the adsorption of SO4 on iron hydroxides. The leaching of calcite indicated for individual groundwaters relates to the distribution of loess in
the appropriate catchment areas. 相似文献
88.
Slobodan B. Marković Mark P. Bokhorst Jef Vandenberghe William D. McCoy Eric A. Oches Urlich Hambach Tivadar Gaudenyi Mladjen Jovanović Ludwig Zöller Thomas Stevens Björn Machalett 《第四纪科学杂志》2008,23(1):73-84
Late Pleistocene loess‐palaeosol sequences are widespread in the Vojvodina region, with thicknesses reaching a maximum of about 20 m. Our investigations include more than 40 of these loess sections. Geochronology of the last glacial loess‐palaeosol sequences, based on luminescence dating and amino acid racemisation, provides correlations between Upper Pleistocene loess‐palaeosol sediments in Vojvodina and comparable deposits at other European localities. Sedimentary logs of magnetic susceptibility, grain‐size measurements and carbonate content, combined with malacological evidence, indicate two main relatively cold and arid phases during the last glacial period, related to intensive accumulation of loess units L1L1 and L1L2, as well as many brief episodes of dry and windy climatic conditions, suggesting a possible relationship with cold events recorded in the North Atlantic region. Generally, late Pleistocene climate in the region was dry and relatively warm, compared with glacial period sites in central Europe, and was characterised by sharp differences between glacial and interglacial modes. New data and interpretations presented in this study emphasise the significance of loess‐palaeosol sequences in Vojvodina for the reconstruction of the temporal and spatial evolution of late Pleistocene palaeoclimate in this part of Europe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
89.
Jordi Llorca Julia Roszjar Julia A. Cartwright Addi Bischoff Ulrich Ott Andreas Pack Silke Merchel Georg Rugel Leticia Fimiani Peter Ludwig José V. Casado David Allepuz 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(3):493-513
We report on the discovery of a new shergottite from Tunisia, Ksar Ghilane (KG) 002. This single stone, weighing 538 g, is a coarse‐grained basaltic shergottite, mainly composed of maskelynitized plagioclase (approximately 52 vol%) and pyroxene (approximately 37 vol%). It also contains Fe‐rich olivine (approximately 4.5 vol%), large Ca‐phosphates, including both merrillites and Cl‐apatites (approximately 3.4 vol%), minor amounts of silica or SiO2‐normative K‐rich glass, pyrrhotite, Ti‐magnetite, ilmenite, and accessory baddeleyite. The largest crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase reach sizes of approximately 4 to 5 mm. Pyroxenes (Fs26–96En5–50Wo2–41). They typically range from cores of about Fs29En41Wo30 to rims of about Fs68En14Wo17. Maskelynite is Ab41–49An39–58Or1–7 in composition, but some can be as anorthitic as An93. Olivine (Fa91–96) occurs mainly within symplectitic intergrowths, in paragenesis with ilmenite, or at neighboring areas of symplectites. KG 002 is heavily shocked (S5) as indicated by mosaic extinction of pyroxenes, maskelynitized plagioclase, the occurrence of localized shock melt glass pockets, and low radiogenic He concentration. Oxygen isotopes confirm that it is a normal member of the SNC suite. KG 002 is slightly depleted in LREE and shows a positive Eu anomaly, providing evidence for complex magma genesis and mantle processes on Mars. Noble gases with a composition thought to be characteristic for Martian interior is a dominant component. Measurements of 10Be, 26Al, and 53Mn and comparison with Monte Carlo calculations of production rates indicate that KG 002 has been exposed to cosmic rays most likely as a single meteoroid body of 35–65 cm radius. KG 002 strongly resembles Los Angeles and NWA 2800 basaltic shergottites in element composition, petrography, and mineral chemistry, suggesting a possible launch‐pairing. The similar CRE ages of KG 002 and Los Angeles may suggest an ejection event at approximately 3.0 Ma. 相似文献
90.
Diamonds from Jagersfontein (South Africa): messengers from the sublithospheric mantle 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ralf?TappertEmail author Thomas?Stachel Jeff?W.?Harris Karlis?Muehlenbachs Thomas?Ludwig Gerhard?P.?Brey 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,150(5):505-522
The diamond population from the Jagersfontein kimberlite is characterized by a high abundance of eclogitic, besides peridotitic
and a small group of websteritic diamonds. The majority of inclusions indicate that the diamonds are formed in the subcratonic
lithospheric mantle. Inclusions of the eclogitic paragenesis, which generally have a wide compositional range, include two
groups of eclogitic garnets (high and low Ca) which are also distinct in their rare earth element composition. Within the
eclogitic and websteritic suite, diamonds with inclusions of majoritic garnets were found, which provide evidence for their
formation within the asthenosphere and transition zone. Unlike the lithospheric garnets all majoritic garnet inclusions show
negative Eu-anomalies. A narrow range of isotopically light carbon compositions (δ13C −17 to −24 ‰) of the host diamonds suggests that diamond formation in the sublithospheric mantle is principally different
to that in the lithosphere. Direct conversion from graphite in a subducting slab appears to be the main mechanism responsible
for diamond formation in this part of the Earth’s mantle beneath the Kaapvaal Craton. The peridotitic inclusion suite at Jagersfontein
is similar to other diamond deposits on the Kaapvaal Craton and characterized by harzburgitic to low-Ca harzburgitic compositions. 相似文献