Experimental study of extreme shear stress for shallow flow under simulated rainfall

The raindrop impact and overland flow are two major factors causing soil detachment and particle transportation. In this study, the turbulent characteristics of the shallow rain‐impacted water flow were investigated using a 2‐D fibre‐optic laser Doppler velocimetry (FLDV) and an artificial rainfall simulator. The fluctuating turbulent shear stress was computed using digital data processing techniques. The experimental data showed that the Reynolds shear stress follows a probability distribution with heavy tails. The tail probability increases with an increase of rainfall intensity or raindrop diameter, and it decreases with an increase of Reynolds number. A modified empirical equation was derived using both the raindrop diameter and rainfall intensity as independent variables to provide a better prediction of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction coefficient f under rainfall conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新型数字水准仪室内检定装置

数字化精密水准测量仪器在水准及形变测量领域中起着极其重要的作用,而对数字水准仪的计量检定工作是使其正常运行的前提,针对其检定项目室内化的难题,介绍了一种国产新型数字水准仪的室内检定装置.     

廊固凹陷近岸水下扇特征及控制因素

通过对廊固凹陷18口井541 m岩心的系统观察、156口井测井序列的建立、1km×1 km三维地震测网密度的地震相识别,分析了该沉积体系的相带展布特征。该砂砾岩层总体趋势为向上厚度减薄、层数减少,共识别出5期扇体,多呈条带状沿大兴断层断面分布,每期之间发育稳定的暗色泥岩段。该近岸水下扇的形成受3级层序、大兴断层、古构造、古气候、古地形以及物源供给等多种因素的控制。3级层序的发育特点、大兴断层的分段活动以及特殊的物源供给背景因素的匹配对近岸水下扇形成起到决定性作用。2~3期扇体扇中分布范围广,储集条件好,是凹陷下一步开发工作的有利目标。     

First cosmic ray exposure dating (in situ produced 10Be) of the late pleistocene and holocene glaciation in the Nanhutashan Mountains (Taiwan)

In Taiwan, efficient climate‐driven strong erosion processes are the leading cause for low preservation of geomorphic landforms. Despite the absence of present‐day glaciers, glacial relicts have been reported in high altitude areas. These scarce landforms provide opportunities for reconstructing the timing of the last deglaciation in a region where glacial history is poorly documented. We have collected boulders and striated bedrocks in the Nanhutashan area and calculated surface exposure ages based on in‐situ produced ¹⁰Be concentrations. The oldest glacial remains, dated at 11.1 ± 3.3 ka, correspond to the last glacial advance. The Holocene is characterized by a continuous retreat of the ice‐cap until at least 7.2 ± 1.0 ka. Our results are in agreement with a scenario where changes of monsoon regimes lead to a strong reduction of the winter monsoon during the early Holocene, causing a decrease of snow supply and disequilibrium of the hydrological budget.     

Simulating CO2 flux of three different ecosystems in ChinaFLUX based on artificial neural networks

The nonlinearity of the relationship between CO₂ flux and other micrometeorological variables flux parameters limits the applicability of carbon flux models to accurately estimate the flux dynamics. However, the need for carbon dioxide (CO₂) estimations covering larger areas and the limitations of the point eddy covariance technique to address this requirement necessitates the modeling of CO₂ flux from other micrometeorological variables. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are used because of their power to fit highly nonlinear relations between input and output variables without explaining the nature of the phenomena. This paper applied a multilayer perception ANN technique with error back propagation algorithm to simulate CO₂ flux on three different ecosystems (forest, grassland and cropland) in ChinaFLUX. Energy flux (net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat flux) and temperature (air and soil) and soil moisture were used to train the ANN and predict the CO₂ flux. Diurnal half-hourly fluxes data of observations from June to August in 2003 were divided into training, validating and testing. Results of the CO₂ flux simulation show that the technique can successfully predict the observed values with R ² value between 0.75 and 0.866. It is also found that the soil moisture could not improve the simulative accuracy without water stress. The analysis of the contribution of input variables in ANN shows that the ANN is not a black box model, it can tell us about the controlling parameters of NEE in different ecosystems and micrometeorological environment. The results indicate the ANN is not only a reliable, efficient technique to estimate regional or global CO₂ flux from point measurements and understand the spatiotemporal budget of the CO₂ fluxes, but also can identify the relations between the CO₂ flux and micrometeorological variables.

     

Acoustically relevant bubble assemblages and their dependence onmeteorological parameters

A detailed physical model of the life history of a typical bubble plume, from its formation by a breaking wave to its dissipation into the background bubble population, is given, and the relationship between the early, acoustically relevant stages in bubble-plume development and the associated, remotely detectable whitecap is described. The manner in which the fraction of the sea surface covered by stage A spilling crests and by stage B mature whitecaps depends upon wind speed and upon wind stress or friction velocity is investigated. Formal expressions are given whereby near-surface bubble concentrations can be estimated from observations of fractional whitecap coverage or from measurements of the 10-m elevation wind speed     

人口移动与区域经济格局变动

人口移动是我国近几年发生的重要社会经济现象之一,其机制是东部地区人多地少的推力与西部地区产业结构性空缺的吸力,以及国家对后者特定的工资与粮食政策。它对地域分工格局的变动产生着重大影响。     

关于我国电力建设问题

本文在分析我国能源资源分布特点,总结过去电力建设经验的基础上,通过水、火电全面经济效益比较,认为,在我国具体的国情和国力条件下,今后必须贯彻优先开发水能的方针,并提出了因地制宜发展水电建设应注意做好的四项工作。     

Survey of cyanomyovirus abundance in Shantou coastal waters by g20

To understand the genetic diversity and population changes in cyanophages in the coastal waters of Shantou,northeast South China Sea,we used the capsid assembly protein gene g 20 as a marker of the abundance and phylogeny of natural cyanomyovirus communities. The abundance of total viruses,heterotrophic bacteria,and picophytoplankton in the coastal waters was monitored with flow cytometry. Hydrological parameters(NO ˉ 3,NO ˉ 2,NH 3,soluble reactive phosphorus,total dissolved nitrogen,total dissolved phosphorus,dissolved oxygen,chemical oxygen demand,temperature,salinity,and chlorophyll a concentration) and microbial abundance(total viruses,total bacteria,P rochlorococcus,Synechococcus,and eukaryotes) were measured in the upper and lower layers at four sampling sites in the research area. In the direct viral counts,cyanomyoviruses accounted for 1.92% to 10% of the total viral community. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the g 20 sequences in the Shantou coastal waters were very diverse,distributed in eight distinct operational taxonomic units,including the newly formed Cluster W. The g 20 gene copies inferred from real time PCR assay indicated that cyanomyoviruses were correlated significantly with the heterotrophic bacteria numbers and the nitrate and chlorophyll a concentrations. These results suggest that cyanomyoviruses are ubiquitous and are an abundant component of the virioplankton in Shantou coastal waters.     

加拿大海盆北部营养盐限制作用研究

利用2008年夏季中国第三次北极科学考察获得的营养盐、叶绿素a、温度和盐度等数据资料,结合现场营养盐添加实验的结果讨论西北冰洋加拿大海盆北部营养盐对浮游植物生长的限制作用。结果表明:由于融冰水稀释作用,加拿大海盆B80站约20m深度存在较强的盐跃层,阻碍了水体上下混合。较低浓度的溶解无机氮(DIN)和硅酸盐(分别为0.31μmol/L和0.94μmol/L)以及严重偏离Redfield比值的N/P、N/Si比值(分别为0.42和0.32)表明加拿大海盆表层水体存在N和Si限制。根据现场营养盐加富实验各培养组叶绿素a浓度变化、营养盐吸收总量差异和浮游植物种群结构,进一步表明氮是北冰洋海盆首要限制营养盐,而Si则抑制了硅质生物的生长。同时,较小的硝酸盐半饱和常数(Ks)证明即使在营养盐充足的情况下北冰洋海盆浮游植物生长速率也处于较低水平。计算得到各培养组营养盐吸收比例(N/P比值)均大于Redfield比值,可能是培养实验过程中以微型、微微型浮游植物为主,硅藻等小型浮游植物为辅造成的。