一个有大地形影响的初始方程数值予报模式

大地形对大尺度大气运动的动力和热力作用早已为人们所注意。尤其是青藏高原,国内外气象工作者对它的研究工作越来越多。至于对大地形附近的局地天气系统的模拟和予报,则更有必要考虑地形的作用。 目前,国内外大多数模式在解决地形问题时,都采用了σ座标系,因为这样一来,地形面就成为一个座标面,计算很方便。但是,根据一般坐标变换的原理,气压梯度力项变成两大项的余差,在差分计算时,尤其在地形的陡坡附近会出现很大的误差。因此,不得不     

Speciation of gold in hydrosulphide-rich ore-forming fluids: Insights from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations

To shed light on gold speciation in sulfur-containing ore-forming fluids, we perform first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations to investigate gold-hydrosulphide complexing under representative geological conditions. With this advanced technique, the electronic structures of solutes and solvents are calculated with density functional theory and the thermal motions are sampled with molecular dynamics. The molecular structures, solvated structures and stabilities of possible complexes are characterized in detail and the following insights have been gained. (1) The previously hypothesized species Au(HS)(H₂S)₃ and Au(HS) are found unstable under ore-forming conditions. Au(HS)(H₂S)₃ would dissociate to LAu(HS) (L = H₂S or H₂O) and free H₂S molecules spontaneously. Au(HS) is highly reactive and tends to capture a second ligand to form a double-coordinated complex. (2) In the thin vapor-like phases of low pressures, the stable complexes include Au(HS)(H₂O), Au(HS)(H₂S) and Au(HS)₂⁻ and their relative stability is Au(HS)₂⁻ > Au(HS)(H₂S) > Au(HS)(H₂O). In dense aqueous phases of high pressures, Au(HS)(H₂S) would spontaneously deprotonate to Au(HS)₂⁻ and thus Au(HS)(H₂O) and Au(HS)₂⁻ are the stable forms. All of these complexes can retain to the upper-limit of ore-forming temperatures. (3) The gold ions in the complexes do not favor coordinating more molecules and therefore the solvations happen mainly through H-bonding interactions between the ligands and environmental waters. H-bonds are found in vapor, liquid, and dense supercritical phases, whereas in the thin supercritical phase the hydration is very weak. These results provide quantitative and microscopic basis for understanding the speciation of gold in hydrothermal fluids.     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。     

The influence of hydrocarbon expulsion on carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes in pyrolysates of selected terrestrial kerogens

Expulsion of petroleum from source rock is a complex part of the entire migration process. There exist fractional effects on chemical compositions in hydrocarbon expulsion. Does the carbon isotopic fractionation occur during expulsion and to what extent? Here the influence of hydrocarbon expulsion on carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes from pyrolysates of selected terrestrial kerogens from Tuha basin and Fushun, Liaoning Province of China has been experimentally studied. The pyrogeneration-expulsion experiments were carried out under semi-closed system. The carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes were measured by GC-IRMS. The main conclusions are as follows. First, there is carbon isotopic fractionation associated with hydrocarbon expulsion from Type III kerogens in Tuha Basin. There exist differences of carbon isotopic compositions between the unexpelled n-alkanes and expelled n-alkanes from Tuha desmocollinite and Tuha mudstone. Second, there is almost no carbon isotopic fractionation associated with hydrocarbon expulsion from Type II kerogens in Fushun and Liaohe Basin. Third, carbon isotopic fractionation in hydrocarbon expulsion should be considered in making oil-source correlation of Type III kerogens at least in the Tuha Basin. Further studies need to be carried out to determine whether this is true in other basins. Fourth, oil and source at different maturity levels cannot be correlated directly for Type III kerogens since the carbon isotopic compositions of expelled hydrocarbons at different temperatures are different. The expelled hydrocarbons are usually lighter (depleted in ¹³C) than the hydrocarbons remaining in the source rock at the same maturity.     

Tests on low‐ductility RC frames under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations

The response of low‐ductility reinforced concrete (RC) frames, designed typically for a non‐seismic region, subjected to two frequencies of base excitations is studied. Five half‐scaled, two‐bay, two‐storey, RC frames, each approximately 5 m wide by 3.3 m high, were subjected to both horizontal and/or vertical base excitations with a frequency of 40 Hz as well as a lower frequency of about 4 Hz (close to the fundamental frequency) using a shake table. The imposed acceleration amplitude ranged from 0.2 to 1.2g. The test results showed that the response characteristics of the structures differed under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations. The frames were able to sustain high‐frequency excitations without damage but were inadequate for low‐frequency excitations, even though the frames exhibited some ductility. Linear‐elastic time‐history analysis can predict reasonably well the structural response under high‐frequency excitations. As the frames were not designed for seismic loads, the reinforcement detailing may not have been adequate, based on the crack pattern observed. The effect of vertical excitation can cause significant additional forces in the columns and moment reversals in the beams. The ‘strong‐column, weak‐beam’ approach for lateral load RC frame design is supported by experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西梧州思委银矿区花岗岩的岩石成因：锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素约束

本文对广西梧州思委银矿区思委岩体中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析研究,以深入探讨其岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得了思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为165±1Ma。思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩为一套弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集U、K、Pb等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式为右倾斜配分模式,轻重稀土元素分异强烈,富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素平坦分布。锆石Hf同位素分析花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值分布在-15.9~8.7之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t2DM)在652~2255Ma之间,表明岩浆源区既有直接源于亏损地幔分异的新生地壳的迅速重熔,也有不同比例的古老地壳的混合作用。花岗岩成岩可能是受古太平洋板块持续俯冲作用影响,焊接板片开裂形成的岩浆上侵。     

野外型断层活动连续监测系统

介绍野外型断层活动连续监测系统的组成、布设及主要技术指标。     

1975-2015年鄂尔多斯市沙漠化的时空演变过程

鄂尔多斯市地处温带草原向荒漠草原过渡的半干旱区,是中国沙漠化问题较为严重的区域之一,其土地沙漠化发展和逆转过程及影响因素在北方农牧交错带具有代表性。以7期Landsat卫星遥感数据为信息源提取沙漠化土地类型及程度的时空格局信息,分析了该地区自1975年以来的土地沙漠化过程,并结合气象及社会经济数据采用主成分分析法对驱动因子进行定量分析。结果表明：在脆弱生态环境背景下,鄂尔多斯市土地沙漠化受人口数量增加、过垦及过牧等人为因素的严重影响。不同时段土地沙漠化发展的方向与驱动力都有所不同,1975-2000年是土地沙漠化的急剧发展期,驱动力以人为因素为主导,自然因素为基础;2000-2015年是土地沙漠化的逆转期,驱动力以自然因素为主,人为因素为辅。     

Variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon in Quaternary Climatic Extremes in North China

In order to examine high-frequency variations of East Asian winter monsoon in Quaternary climatic extremes, two typical loess–paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated. Sandy layers in the loess deposits, the “Upper sand” and “Lower sand” (layers L9 and L15, respectively), which represent a high-resolution record of paleomonsoon changes, have been sampled at intervals of 5–6 cm from sections at Luochuan and Xifeng. The grain size and magnetic susceptibility was measured for all samples. The grain-size results (a proxy of winter monsoon strength) indicate that the winter monsoon strength fluctuated on a millennial timescale during cold climatic extremes, with climatic events of a few hundred to a few thousand years. However, the winter monsoon was relatively stable during warm periods. The magnetic susceptibility signal (a proxy of summer monsoon intensity) is practically constant over the same period. This is tentatively explained by the assumption that the summer monsoon intensity was too low to be recorded in the magnetic susceptibility signal. The intensified winter monsoon events show periodicities in a range of 1000 to 2770 yr, with a dominant cycle of approximately 1450 yr. The detection of this oscillation in older glacial stages strongly suggests that it may be a pervasive cycle of the cold climatic phases of the Quaternary. Millennial-scale variations of the winter monsoon may be caused by instability of the westerly jet, which is determined by temperature differences between the polar and the equatorial regions.     

DNQ3型能见度仪故障分析及校准方法研究

为有效提高国家地面气象观测站能见度仪观测数据准确性和设备运行稳定性,对能见度仪开展日常维护、核查校准、数据质控和故障修复等工作显得尤为重要。该文通过对DNQ3型前向散射能见度仪硬件结构和基本工作原理的介绍,以及对一些典型故障进行分析,总结出能见度仪的检测维修流程,归纳了对应的故障解决措施,凝练出该型能见度仪的核查校准和疑误数据质控方法,为一线业务人员开展能见度仪常规维护、故障排查、运行监控等提供借鉴。