青藏高原冰芯过去100年δ18O记录与温度变化

以羌塘高原普若岗日冰原钻取的213 m冰芯中记录为基础, 研究了过去100年来δ¹⁸O变化所反映的这一地区的温度变化. 结合已获取的青藏高原南部的达索普冰芯、西北部的古里雅冰芯和东北部的敦德冰芯, 综合研究了青藏高原温度变化的区域差异. 结果表明, 青藏高原不同地区冰芯中δ¹⁸O变化各有特点, 特别是南、北差异和东、西差异十分明显. 但4根冰芯记录均反映出过去100年来δ¹⁸O增加的趋势, 说明过去100年来青藏高原在不断变暖. 将δ¹⁸O记录所反映的青藏高原温度变化、青藏高原气象记录的温度变化同北半球温度变化比较研究发现, 这些记录所反映的过去100年总体变暖趋势是一致的.     

A hydrogeochemical survey of Kilimanjaro (Tanzania): implications for water sources and ages

Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, the highest mountain in Africa, has undergone extensive hydrologic changes over the past century in an area where water resources are critical. A hydrochemical and isotopic synoptic sampling program in January 2006 is used to characterize hydrogeology, hydrology, and water quality of the area. Samples were collected from the summit and southern side of Kilimanjaro and the Moshi region (Tanzania). Sample sources included four glaciers, seven groundwater wells, 12 rivers, 10 springs, precipitation, and a lake. Analyses included major ion chemistry, stable isotopes of water (¹⁸O and D); in addition, seven samples were analyzed for tritium. The samples generally have good water quality with the exception of three samples with elevated fluoride concentrations (>3 mg/L) and elevated nitrate concentrations (>2.5 mg/L NO₃ as N). There is a strong elevation control on stable isotopes, with an apparent elevation effect of – 0.1 ‰ δ¹⁸O per 100 m rise in elevation (R ² = 0.79). The results, including the tritium values, show that the hydrogeologic system is comprised of both local and regional flow systems, and that regional rivers are receiving significant inflow from shallow groundwater, and at very high elevations the hydrologic system is derived from groundwater, precipitation, and glacial melt water.