云南特提斯带保山-腾冲地块早古生代岩浆岩

云南滇西地区作为东特提斯构造带的重要组成部分之一，其大地构造格局和对全球特提斯演化意义长期以来是众多研究者的关注热点。滇西特提斯构造带（包括川西南部分）是由多个地块和地块相间的造山带组成，如腾冲地体、保山地体、思茅地体及它们之间的属新特提斯带的高黎贡碰撞带和属古特提斯带的昌宁-孟连缝合带等。经受晚古生代—早中生代古特提斯和中生代—新生代新特提斯造山作用的影响，该地区经历了复杂的变质变形。由于地块内部基底出露局限和多期构造作用的叠加影响，特提斯构造带内的变质基底地体的属性和演化历史难于恢复。 位于云南西南部的腾冲-保山地块，包含保山地块，腾冲地块和其间的潞西地槽，属于缅泰马微大陆的北部。在三叠纪期间，该地块处于东部古特提斯主洋盆即昌宁-孟连古特提斯洋封闭时地前陆部位。部分学者认为，在新特提斯洋扩张时期，腾冲地块和保山地块分离，形成属于班公湖-怒江洋盆的东延分支海槽。该海槽在早侏罗世闭合，并导致腾冲地块和保山地块的碰撞，形成高黎贡碰撞构造带。以高黎贡群为典型代表的一套中—新元古代陆源沉积、大陆玄武岩、壳源花岗岩组成的角闪岩相变质岩系，类似于喜马拉雅结晶杂岩、念青唐古拉群和聂拉木群相当。基底岩石在岩石建造、构造热事件和沉积盖层等方面与冈瓦纳大陆有亲缘关系。变质基底组成部分大部分被元古代晚期—早古生代低级变质陆源沉积物所覆盖，如南部公养河群。单颗粒错石U-Pb同位素稀释法定年结果表明，在保山地块南部出露有早古生代花岗岩，年龄范围大致在490~470 Ma之间。这些花岗岩初始。εNd值为-8.4~-9.3之间，亏损地幔钕同位素模式年龄为1.9~-1.7 Ga。锆石铬同位素模式年龄集中在1.4 Ga，其初始εHf值变化范围为0~-10之间，平均-6左右。一些侵入于早古生代花岗岩的晚中生代花岗岩也发现早古生代年龄的继承锆石。早古生代岩浆岩也曾在特提斯带内有报道，如Sibumasu和Indochina地块之间的Nan-Uttaradit缝合带内晚古生代混杂岩内的花岗岩滚石。这一早古生代岩浆作用可能暗示特提斯构造带东段和西段，如Alpine造山带甚至包括欧洲华力西造山带基底，在早古生代期间有相似的演化历史和属性，均源于冈瓦纳大陆北缘，可能先后从冈瓦纳大陆漂离，最终与位于北部的泛大陆拼合。     

塔里木陆块晚古生代以来古地磁特征研究

塔里木陆块晚古生代以来极移曲线具有相似的规律,二叠纪以来塔里木陆块是一个稳定的整体.经统计各时代古地磁极位置:晚石炭世:184.9°,56.0°N;二叠纪:194.4°,64.4°N;三叠纪:206.0°,78.2°N;侏罗纪:251.6°,75.9°N;白垩纪:296.3°,75.8°N;老第三纪:223.4°,75.3°N;新第三纪:268.3°,79.9°N.     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜、金矿床两阶段成矿模式

冬瓜山铜金矿床包括层状硫化物矿体、矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体。层状硫化物矿体具层状形态和层控特征，矿石具块状、层纹状和揉皱状构造。燕山期岩浆岩及其岩浆流体对层状矿体进行了叠加和改造，改变了其结构构造、矿物组合和矿石成分，并在其上叠加蚀变和矿化。层状矿体中的铜是由含铜流体交代块状硫化物矿石形成的。冬瓜山铜金矿床经历了两次成矿作用：第一成矿阶段．在石炭纪中期，海底喷流作用形成了块状硫化物矿床，矿石成分以硫、铁矿为主；第二成矿阶段。燕山期岩浆侵人，一方面岩浆热液与围岩相互作用发生矽卡岩化、硅化、钾长石化、石英绢云母化和青磐岩化，形成矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体，另一方面岩浆流体对块状硫化物矿体进行叠加改造，致使块状硫化物矿体富集铜等成矿物质。     

天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究及其应用:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉2气田为例

通过有压力的黄金管封闭体系生烃模拟实验和GC-IRMS测定,结合GOR-Isotope Kinetics专用软件,求取了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩生成甲烷的碳同位素动力学参数。结合地质背景,探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。克拉2气田天然气主要来源于早中侏罗世煤系烃源岩,属阶段捕获气,为-5Ma以来的天然气聚集,对应成熟度范围Ro为1．3％-2．5％。在此基础上,建立了克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏动力学模式,从而为天然气定量评价和动态研究提供了新思路。     

青海省都兰地震台地震监测能力分析与探讨

使用青海省都兰地震台单台记录以及定位资料,对该台的地震监测能力进行了分析探讨,统计了2000年以来所记录到的地震目录,根据该目录分析了2000年以来都兰地震台周边300 km范围内的地震资料,分别分析了0～100 km;101～200 km范围地震分布、频次、震级、地震的完整性等方面内容,结果表明,随着数字地震记录仪器...     

渭河流域河流下切速率及其构造意义

基于河流阶地高度和阶地形成年代数据,通过二者的线性拟合方法得到了渭河不同河段及其支流的下切速率,结果表明河流在陇西盆地的下切速率明显高于渭河盆地,可能反应了西秦岭北麓构造活动西高东低的特点。     

Physical modelling of rainfall‐ and snowmelt‐induced erosion of stony slope underlain by permafrost

Physical modelling experiments have been carried out in a cold room to test on a small scale, the effects of water supply during the thaw of an experimental slope with permafrost. Permafrost was maintained at depth and a thin active layer was frozen and thawed from the surface. Data from the experiments relate to two different conditions, first with moderate rainfall, and second with heavy rainfall during the thaw period. When moderate rainfall is applied during thaw phases, the experimental slope is slightly degraded. At the scale of the experiment, erosion processes involve frost jacking of the coarse blocks, frost creep and gelifluction that induce slow and gradual down slope displacements of the active layer, but also small landslides leading to large but slow mass movements with short displacements. Changes in experimental slope morphology are marked by the initiation of a small‐scale drainage network and the development of a little crest line which shows a progressive upslope migration. With such boundary conditions, there is not enough water supply to evacuate downslope the whole of the eroded material and a topographic smoothing is observed. When heavy rainfall is applied during thaw periods, rapid mass wasting (small mud‐flows and debris flows) become prominent. Slope failures are largely controlled by the water saturation of the active layer and by the occurrence of steeper slopes. At the scale of the experiment, rates of erosion and maximum incision increase by about 100% leading to significant slope degradation with marked and specific scars comparable to gullying. These morphological changes are dependant on both the size and the frequency of catastrophic events. These experiments provide detailed data that could improve the knowledge of the physical parameters that control the initiation, at a small‐scale, of erosion processes on periglacial slopes with a thin active layer and/or with thin cover of mobilizable slope deposits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Database design for a multi-scale spatial information system

Abstract

Growth in the available quantities of digital geographical data has led to major problems in maintaining and integrating data from multiple sources, required by users at differing levels of generalization. Existing GIS and associated database management systems provide few facilities specifically intended for handling spatial data at multiple scales and require time consuming manual intervention to control update and retain consistency between representations. In this paper the GEODYSSEY conceptual design for a multi-scale, multiple representation spatial database is presented and the results of experimental implementation of several aspects of the design are described. Object-oriented, deductive and procedural programming techniques have been applied in several contexts: automated update software, using probabilistic reasoning; deductive query processing using explicit stored semantic and spatial relations combined with geometric data; multiresolution spatial data access methods combining poini, line, area and surface geometry; and triangulation-based generalization software that detects and resolves topological inconsistency.