Gender and hunger: salvaging essential categories

Summary This paper examines recent debates in development discourse and their implications for analyses of gender and hunger. It recognizes the insights that postist approaches offer, but finds that they too have dangers. It concludes that traditional perspectives and the categories these employ require revision rather than rejection.     

Geological structure of Charity Shoal crater, Lake Ontario, revealed by multibeam bathymetry

Acoustic images of Charity Shoal in Lake Ontario, derived from a 1?×?1 m grid model of bathymetry assembled by the Canadian Hydrographic Service in 2010–2011, confirm the existence of a crater, as revealed by its surface morphology. With these higher quality data, it is possible to describe the crater in much greater detail, and arrive at a better interpretation of the geology than was possible using the earlier bathymetry of Lake Ontario. This new bathymetry of Charity Shoal reveals a continuous rim encircling an ovoid-shaped crater floor 1,200–1,500 m in diameter, with the crater floor being largely devoid of relief. Extending 3–4 km southwest of the crater is a ridge capped by a linear zone of unstratified debris that resembles a medial moraine. NE–SW erosional valleys cut across the crater rim in its southwestern sector. Apparently, glacial erosion has stripped the soil zone off stratified bedrock beneath the crater rim, exposing an intricate pattern of micro-ridges and grooves that bear the record of differential resistance to erosion of successive beds within the sequence of rock strata. Mapping of the shallow structure of the bedrock reveals a continuous ring anticline coinciding with the crater rim, with rock strata dipping gently in both directions away from the rim axis. In combination with existing evidence on the regional stratigraphy, these observations and interpretations are consistent with the Charity Shoal crater having formed in a shallow marine environment by an extraterrestrial impact event in the Middle Ordovician, followed by post-impact sedimentation, and much later, erosion during Pleistocene glaciations. Apparently, post-impact sediments infilled the crater and eventually covered the crater rim, leaving only a diminished structural expression of a crater having no more than 20 m of surface relief. Further details of crater history and origin, and a test of the hypothesis of impact, will likely come from acoustic reflection profiling and direct sampling.     

Rapid invertebrate responses to macroalgal wrack: two novel field experiments on intertidal mudflats in Southern Australia

Macroalgal wrack deposition along coasts is highly variable but it plays an important role in the structure and function of marine communities. To date, most research has focused on the effects of decomposing wrack as it assimilates into the system but little is known about the immediate effects of wrack when it is first deposited in the habitat. Freshly deposited wrack may either wash away after a short period (1–2 days) or remain in the habitat and decay depending on tide and weather conditions. To understand the effects of this dynamic resource we experimentally manipulated wrack deposits on intertidal mudflats in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. We conducted two experiments using defaunated patches of wrack (300 g wet weight) that were a mixture of seagrass and macroalgae and measured community responses after 2 days. The first experiment included real and artificial wrack patches to differentiate between taxa that responded to the biological and physical structure of the wrack. The second experiment used multiple wrack patches to investigate responses to a focal wrack patch that was surrounded by varying numbers of wrack additional patches (0, 2 or 4 × 300 g wet weight of wrack). Overall, wrack increased abundances of invertebrates and changed their distributions throughout the wrack and underlying sediment habitat. Mechanisms responsible for immediate taxa responses to the wrack related to the physical structure in the habitat and not biological attributes associated with the real patches. Ostracods and leptostracans were the exception to these patterns with colonization only occurring in real wrack and not the artificial wrack. In the multiple patch experiment the majority of the fauna moved vertically into the wrack from the bare sediment and not between surrounding patches of wrack. We suggest that specific characteristics, such as invertebrate mobility, feeding mode and sensitivity to changes in sediment condition, are important factors that influence individual taxa and overall community responses. Understanding the interactive effects of these characteristics with the characteristics of the wrack (magnitude, frequency, spatial arrangement and composition) is the key to developing predictive models that will inform the management of wrack in marine coastal habitats.     

ELA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon geochronology of regional volcanism hosting the Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu–Au deposit: implications for porphyry-related mineralization

ELA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon geochronology has been used to show that the porphyritic intrusions related to the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu–Au deposit, NW Argentina, are cogenetic with stratigraphically well-constrained volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Late Miocene Farallón Negro Volcanic Complex. Zircon geochronology for intrusions in this deposit and the host volcanic sequence show that multiple mineralized porphyries were emplaced in a volcanic complex that developed over 1.5 million years. Volcanism occurred in a multi-vent volcanic complex in a siliciclastic intermontane basin. The complex evolved from early mafic-intermediate effusive phases to a later silicic explosive phase associated with mafic intrusions. Zircons from the basal mafic-intermediate lavas have ages that range from 8.46±0.14 to 7.94±0.27 Ma. Regionally extensive silicic explosive volcanism occurred at ~8.0 Ma (8.05±0.13 and 7.96±0.11 Ma), which is co-temporal with intrusion of the earliest mineralized porphyries at Bajo de la Alumbrera (8.02±0.14 and 7.98±0.14 Ma). Regional uplift and erosion followed during which the magmatic-hydrothermal system was probably unroofed. Shortly thereafter, dacitic lava domes were extruded (7.95±0.17 Ma) and rhyolitic diatremes (7.79±0.13 Ma) deposited thick tuff blankets across the region. Emplacement of large intermediate composition stocks occurred at 7.37±0.22 Ma, shortly before renewed magmatism occurred at Bajo de la Alumbrera (7.10±0.07 Ma). The latest porphyry intrusive event is temporally associated with new ore-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Other dacitic intrusions are associated with subeconomic deposits that formed synchronously with the mineralized porphyries at Bajo de la Alumbrera. However, their emplacement continued (from 7.10± 0.06 to 6.93±0.07 Ma) after the final intrusion at Bajo de al Alumbrera. Regional volcanism had ceased by 6.8 Ma (6.92±0.07 Ma). The brief history of the volcanic complex hosting the Bajo de la Alumbrera Cu–Au deposit differs from that of other Andean provinces hosting porphyry deposits. For example, at the El Salvador porphyry copper district in Chile, magmatism related to Cu mineralization was episodic in regional igneous activity that occurred over tens of millions of years. Bajo de la Alumbrera resulted from the superposition of multiple porphyry-related hydrothermal systems, temporally separated by a million years. It appears that the metal budget in porphyry ore deposits is not simply a function of their longevity and/or the superposition of multiple porphyry systems. Nor is it a function of the duration of the associated cycle of magmatism. Instead, the timing of processes operating in the parental magma body is the controlling factor in the formation of a fertile porphyry-related ore system.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at Editorial handling: N. White     

Intraplate wrench deformation in Iran,Afghanistan and Western Pakistan

The pattern of major wrench faults in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan is shown to result from convergence between the Arabia, India and Eurasia plates. A method is introduced of treating fault movement as rotations about fault poles. The rotations are quantified by assuming fault movement to be proportional to active fault length, and these rotations summed by vector addition. The resultant rotation is considered to act at the geometric centre of the area enclosed by the faults. By equating movement here with plate convergence calculated from the usual circuit of plate spreading velocities the individual fault movements may be quantified. An area of west Pakistan and Afghanistan so treated suggests that the Chaman fault was initiated in the Eocene, a conclusion independently indicated by the geology. The method is of general application in non-rigid plate areas and offers explanations for fault curvature and anomalous fault movement.

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Zusammenfassung Das Muster der größeren Blattverschiebungen im Iran, in Afghanistan und Pakistan ist das Ergebnis einer Konvergenz der Arabischen, Indischen und Eurasischen Platten. Zur Analyse der Verschiebungen wird ihre Bewegung auf Rotationspole bezogen. Die Rotationsbewegungen lassen sich quantifizieren, indem man die Verschiebungsbeträge proportional zur Länge der Störungen setzt und die Rotationen als Vektoren addiert. Die Gesamtrotation soll vom geometrischen Zentrum der Fläche ausgehen, die von den Blattverschiebungen umgrenzt wird. Setzt man für diese Bewegungen die Geschwindigkeiten, die für Plattenbewegungen berechnet wurden, so kann man daraus die einzelnen Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten an den Blattverschiebungen ableiten.In West-Pakistan und Afghanistan kann man daraus erschließen, daß die Chaman-Störung seit dem Eozän aktiv gewesen sein muß. Dieser Schluß wird auch durch die geologischen Befunde gestützt. Diese Methode der tektonischen Analyse kann auf alle mobilen Plattenzonen angewandt werden und bietet eine Erklärung für geschwungenen Störungsverlauf und anomale Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten.

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Résumé Cet étude démontre que la disposition des principales failles de torsion existant en Iran, en Afghanistan et au Pakistan résultent d'une convergence des plaques d'Arabie, d'Inde et d'Eurasie; elle présente une méthode visant à traiter les mouvements de dislocation en tant que rotations autour des pôles de failles. On quantifie ces rotations en se basant sur l'hypothèse que le mouvement de faille est proportionnel à la longueur de faille active, et on les totalise par somme vectorielle. La rotation en résultant est considérée comme étant le centre géométrique de la région délimitée par les failles. On peut alors quantifier les mouvements de failles individuelles en associant ces mouvements à la convergence de plaques calculée d'après le circuit habituel des vitesses de propagation des plaques. L'application de cette méthode à une région du Pakistan occidental et de l'Afghanistan semblerait démontrer que la faille de Chaman a son origine dans l'Eocène, conclusion qu'indique par ailleurs la géologie. La méthode en question est, en règle générale applicable aux régions de plaques non-rigides, offrant ainsi certaines explications quant à la courbure des failles et aux mouvements de dislocation anormaux.

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Hybrid stochastic-mechanical modeling of precipitation thresholds of shallow landslide initiation

Natural Hazards - International and domestic tourism is a growing industry in Costa Rica, with the most attractive places located along the coast. Despite their beauty, Costa Rican beaches can pose...     

Mary Kathleen metamorphic‐hydrothermal uranium — rare‐earth element deposit: Ore genesis and numerical model of coupled deformation and fluid flow

The Mary Kathleen U‐REE orebody of the Proterozoic Mt Isa Block was the product of chemical and physical interaction between regional metamorphic/hydrothermal fluids and preexisting calcic skarns. The deposit provides excellent examples of mechanical control on ore localisation and of the complexity of ores in rocks with protracted thermal histories. Host skarns were produced by contact metasomatism around the 1740 Ma Burstall Granite, whereas the allanite‐uraninite ore formed under amphibolite‐facies conditions, late during the D₂ phase of the ca 1550–1500 Ma Isan orogeny. Observations of ore geometry are consistent with previous geochronologic data demonstrating a large time gap between skarn formation and ore genesis. Numerical modelling of coupled deformation and fluid flow suggests that veins at the core of ore shoots may have formed as tensile or shear fractures during coupling of the competent skarn host with the late‐D₂ Mary Kathleen Shear Zone, allowing a change of orientation of ore shoots with distance from the shear zone. Mineral chemistry and petrographic observations suggest the possible role of a redox control on chemical localisation of ore by conversion of Fe²⁺‐rich clinopyroxene‐rich skarn host to Fe³⁺‐rich secondary garnet ‘skarn’ and uraninite‐allanite ore. Alternately, fluid pressure drops as a consequence of fracturing of the host skarn may have triggered fluid unmixing, or fluid mixing, leading to ore precipitation. Available data do not allow clear definition of the ultimate source of the U and REE, nor of the specific chemical ore‐forming mechanism. However, regional constraints, previous Sm–Nd modelling, and our numerical models suggest a combination from proximal skarn hosts and from distal sources accessed by flow of metamorphic and/or late tectonic igneous‐derived fluids. The deposit has some similarities with ironstone‐hosted Cu–Au ± U deposits found in the nearby Cloncurry Belt.     

Microhardness variations in a naturally deformed grain of ilmenite

A grain of ilmenite enclosed in deformed quartz‐mica‐staurolite schist from Ducktown, Tennessee, shows a variety of optical features produced by natural deformation, recovery and recrystallisation processes. These features are consistent with dislocation processes similar to those observed in metals and other minerals, with the principal deformation modes apparently being slip on (0001) and twinning on (1011). Recrystallisation may have proceeded by sub‐grain rotation. Strain hardening associated with late‐stage deformation twinning has resulted in considerable variation in hardness, with measured Vickers Hardnesses ranging from 362 to 788. This range is substantially greater than those reported to date in standard compilations of ore microscopic data, even though detailed microprobe analysis has shown it to contain no component due to chemical inhomogeneity, and relatively little can be due to structural anisotropy. If other minerals show equally substantial effects of natural work‐hardening and annealing, the diagnostic value of microhardness determinations will be considerably reduced.