AN ANALYTICAL METHOD OF ULTRA-TRACE TELLURIUM FOR SAMPLES OF SEA-AND ENVIRONMENTAL-WATER

Tellurium is known to be a poisonous element to human health. In recent years,determination of trace tellurium has been attached great attention in connection with thewide application of its compounds and/or with environmental pollution. Literature citedreported the determination of ppb level tellurium in waste water and artificial watersamples by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. As the tellurium content in naturalwater is extremely low, there is not yet any sensitive analytical method for determination ofits background value in various natural water. In chemical oceanography, data abouttellurium content in seawater are rather scarce. This paper will summarize and evaluate a series of our investigations on the analytical     

基于CiteSpace和VOSviewer的国内半城市化研究可视化分析

随着新型城镇化和国土空间规划工作的推进,半城市化地区的科学发展与治理已成为城乡融合发展的重要环节。基于文献计量分析方法,运用CiteSpace和VOSviewer可视化工具,对近30年来国内半城市化研究进行知识图谱分析。结果表明：1）作者与机构研究力量分散,地域分布特征明显;2）研究热点聚焦于分析北京、广州、上海等发达城市的土地利用、景观格局、失地农民、影响因素等问题,其内容可聚类为形态特征、空间界定、驱动机制、协调发展4类主题;3）半城市化研究发展经历了3个阶段,研究区域从东南沿海向内陆转移,内容从定性理论分析向定量实证探讨转化,视角也由自然特性分析向社会发展研究转变,体现出更多人文关怀。最后,从半城市化地区空间范围界定、人居环境建设、农业转移人口市民化路径探讨和基本公共服务均等化实施4个方面进行展望,旨在为中国半城市化地区的发展提供参考。     

层状云中飞机人工增雨作业间距的研究

利用数值试验方法, 设计了4 km, 8 km和20 km 三种飞机增雨播云间距方案, 研究了不同间距对有效区域的影响.从结果分析发现, 实际形成的播云线受水平风场输送作用, 与设计的航线产生了偏离; 不同播云间距形成的投影有效面积、有效作用时段不同, 其时空分布及投影有效面积所对应的地面位置也不尽相同.另外, 提出了增雨效益的数学表达式.效益分析表明, 在相同作业条件下, 8 km间距的增雨效益比20 km间距提高31%, 比4 km间距提高了23%, 4 km间距比20 km间距提高6%, 其物理原因主要是并合作用.最后, 针对交叉和平行播云方案, 提出了设计最佳播云间距的数学表达式.     

梅雨锋暴雨研究中的四维变分同化试验

作者利用PSU/NCAR的MM5数值预报模式及其伴随模式, 以中国1999年6月23日～24日的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程为个例, 根据气象要素与同化窗口之间的配置差异, 作了3组变分同化试验.试验结果表明: 4DVAR方法在提高梅雨锋暴雨的数值预报水平上具有重要的作用.     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化II. 模式地形与观测站地形高度差异代表性误差

第I部分研究结果(徐枝芳等,2007)表明模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对地面观测资料同化效果有较大影响。此文在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析,考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异对同化效果的影响,提出在地面观测误差中增加地形代表性误差来解决这个问题。研究结果表明:地面资料同化分析时,在其观测误差中加入一项新的误差——地形代表性误差,能较好地解决地面资料同化分析中模式与观测站地形高度差异问题;地面资料参与同化分析,在观测误差中加入与模式和实际观测站地形高度差异大小相关的地形代表性误差时,地面观测值对分析值的影响随着地形高度差异代表性误差的加入而减小,同时又部分地将地面观测信息通过变分分析融进分析场,使得低层分析更接近真实场,且地面资料利用率更高,24小时降水数值预报(模拟)的效果较好。     

中国及周边海域对流云团的水平和垂直尺度

利用2007年1月-2010年12月CloudSat-CALIPSO二级云产品2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR,统计中国及其周边海域对流云的发生频率,根据对流云发生频率的分布特征将中国及周边海域划分为青藏高原（TP）、东部陆地（EC）、南部海域（SO）和西北太平洋（WP）4个子区域,并研究了4个子区域积云团和深对流云团的水平尺度和垂直尺度。统计结果表明,海洋积云团的水平尺度约为2 km,陆地积云团的水平尺度约为1 km,海洋下垫面热力性质均匀,积云团尺度更大;陆地下垫面非均匀性强,积云团分布更为零散。深对流云团的水平尺度为10-50 km,东部陆地最大,约为45 km,西北太平洋最小,约为30 km。陆地深对流云团水平尺度较海洋上大,且多尺度特征显著,应该与深对流云发生的复杂天气背景有关。积云团的垂直尺度范围为0.24-2 km,4个区域无明显差异。垂直尺度海洋深对流云团大于陆地云团,其中在南部海域地区最大,约为15 km,青藏高原最小,约为10 km。与陆地云团相比,海洋深对流云团表现为水平尺度更小、垂直尺度更大的中尺度对流体特征。      

Some limitations to measurements of turbulence micro-structure with hot and cold wires

Some of the problems associated with measurements of the small-scale characteristics of dynamic and thermal fully developed turbulence are considered in the context of a study of the tendency-towards-isotropy assumption, Taylor's hypothesis, and internal intermittency, taking advantage of the possibilities offered by the I.M.S.T. Air-Sea Interaction Simulation Tunnel. The paper reviews and discusses the choices of probes and operating parameters for hot-wire anemometers and cold-wire thermometers. A detailed study of the most important characteristic, the spectral signal-to-noise ratio, is presented. Problems specific to measurements with several wires are studied, especially the true resolution of one-point multi-wire probes and the errors due to calibration uncertainties for two-point measurements. Serious doubts are raised on the validity of gradient-probe data.     

Practical implementation of Hilbert-Huang Transform algorithm

Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is a newly developed powerful method for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. The empirical mode decomposition is the key part of HHT, while its algorithm was protected by NASA as a US patent, which limits the wide application among the scientific community. Two approaches, mirror periodic and extrema extending methods, have been developed for handling the end effects of empirical mode decomposition. The implementation of the HHT is realized in detail to widen the application. The detailed comparison of the results from two methods with that from Huang et al. (1998, 1999), and the comparison between two methods are presented. Generally, both methods reproduce faithful results as those of Huang et al. For mirror periodic method (MPM), the data are extended once forever. Ideally, it is a way for handling the end effects of the HHT, especially for the signal that has symmetric waveform. The extrema extending method (EEM) behaves as good as MPM, and it is better t     

Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and dissolved oxygen in the Zhujiang Estuary Ⅰ. Model development

wrmcrloxHuman activities related to the population growth and developrnent of industry and rnwhci-pality have led to the incrouing hadings of various POllutants into estudries during the past fewdecades. These increasing edlutant lOadings have caused declined estuallne hedth which can bemereured by a vdriety of indices. In order to obtain solutions to environrnent problerns, re-sources manageTnnt apencies are supporting a holistic approach to envirorirnental management.An effcient strategy t…     

An Overview of BCC Climate System Model Development and Application for Climate Change Studies

This paper reviews recent progress in the development of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC-CSM) and its four component models(atmosphere,land surface,ocean,and sea ice).Two recent versions are described:BCC-CSM1.1 with coarse resolution(approximately 2.8125°×2.8125°) and BCC-CSM1.1(m) with moderate resolution(approximately 1.125°×1.125°).Both versions are fully coupled climate-carbon cycle models that simulate the global terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and include dynamic vegetation.Both models well simulate the concentration and temporal evolution of atmospheric CO_2 during the 20th century with anthropogenic CO2 emissions prescribed.Simulations using these two versions of the BCC-CSM model have been contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five(CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report(AR5).These simulations are available for use by both national and international communities for investigating global climate change and for future climate projections.Simulations of the 20th century climate using BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) are presented and validated,with particular focus on the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of precipitation and surface air temperature on global and continental scales.Simulations of climate during the last millennium and projections of climate change during the next century are also presented and discussed.Both BCC-CSMl.l and BCC-CSMl.l(m) perform well when compared with other CMIP5 models.Preliminary analyses indicate that the higher resolution in BCC-CSM1.1(m) improves the simulation of mean climate relative to BCC-CSMl.l,particularly on regional scales.