2012—2014年舟山近岸海域海洋功能区水质达标率统计与评价

随着国家对长江流域实施环境综合整治、浙江省委省政府开展“五水共治”等环境整治工程,陆源入海污染物总量总体呈下降趋势,近几年舟山近岸海域环境质量呈好转态势。2007—2013年舟山近岸海域水质均不符合第一类海水水质标准,2014年符合第一类海水水质标准的海域有1 269 km2,仅占全市海域面积的6.1%,海水质量总体形势不容乐观,水体富营养化程度较高,海洋功能区水质达标率较低。通过对舟山海域84个二级类基本功能区水质达标率进行统计分析,2012—2014年海洋功能区水质达标率分别为35.7%、38.1%和44.0%,超标因子为无机氮和活性磷酸盐。     

Emissions of biogenic sulfur gases (H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S,COS) from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> coastal marsh in the Yellow River estuary of China

Emissions of biogenic sulfur gases (hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbonyl sulfide (COS)) from Phragmites australis coastal marsh in the Yellow River estuary of China were determined during April to December in 2014 using static chamber-gas chromatography technique with monthly sampling. The results showed that the fluxes of H₂S and COS both had distinct seasonal and diurnal variations. The H₂S fluxes ranged from 0.09 μg/(m²·h) to 7.65 μg/(m²·h), and the COS fluxes ranged from–1.10 μg/(m²·h) to 3.32 μg/(m²·h). The mean fluxes of H₂S and COS from the P. australis coastal marsh were 2.28 μg/(m²·h), and 1.05 μg/(m²·h), respectively. The P. australis coastal marsh was the emission source of both H₂S and COS over the whole year. Fluxes of H₂S and COS were both higher in plant growing season than in the non-growing season. Temperature had a dramatic effect on the H₂S emission flux, while the correlations between COS flux and the environmental factors were not found during sampling periods. More in-depth and comprehensive research on other related factors, such as vegetation, sediment substrates, and tidal action is needed to discover and further understand the key factors and the release mechanism of sulfur gases.     

Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens

There is a dearth of information about the distribution of trace elements in kerogen from shale rocks despite several reports on trace element composition in many shale samples. In this study, trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The results from this study show redox-sensitive elements relatively concentrated in the kerogens as compared to the shales. This may be primarily due to the adsorption and complexation ability of kerogen, which enables enrichment in Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn. For the rare earth elements (REEs), distinct distribution characteristics were observed for shales dominated by terrigenous minerals and their kerogen counterparts. However, shales with less input of terrigenous minerals showed similar REE distribution patterns to their residual kerogen. It is speculated that the distribution patterns of the REEs in shales and kerogens may be source-related.     

Ka/Ku双波段云雷达反演空气垂直运动速度和雨滴谱方法研究及初步应用

在Ka波段云雷达上升级改造建成的Ka/Ku（Ka和Ku波段波长分别为8.9 mm和2.2 cm）双波段云雷达2019年用于华南云降水垂直结构观测,以改进云内动力和微物理参数探测能力。为了利用该双波段云雷达研究华南降水微物理和动力结构,本文提出了基于双波段云雷达回波强度谱密度（S_Z）数据和最优估计技术的云内空气垂直运动速度（V_air）、雨滴谱（DSD）、含水量（LWC）、雨强（R）的反演方法（DWSZ）,雨区衰减的订正方法。利用2019年在广东龙门观测的一次降水过程数据,对比分析了云雷达反演的微物理参数与雨滴谱直接观测量,并检验了云雷达反演的低层空气垂直运动速度,利用反演结果分析了一次混合云过程的V_air与这些微物理参数的垂直结构和相互关系。结果表明:Ka/Ku双波段云雷达合理反演了微降水微物理和动力参数及其垂直分布,经过衰减订正的Ka和Ku波段回波强度偏差明显减小。该双波段云雷达数据可以用于分析0～30 dBZ回波强度的云降水垂直结构。本次过程为混合云降水,对流单体前部存在明显的上升气流,后部存在下沉气流;从平均垂直结构来看:V_air和粒子平均直径（D_m）在2 km高度层到达最大,粒子数密度（N_w）、LWC和R在2 km以下明显增强,粒子直径却减小,水汽凝结过程、雨滴碰并云滴是本次过程的主要机制。这一工作验证了Ka和Ku波段组合的双波段云雷达的可行性,为Ka/Ku波段云雷达技术的推广,单波段云雷达反演算法进一步改进,云降水精细结构分析等提供了基础。     

Spatiotemporal change patterns of urban lakes in China’s major cities between 1990 and 2015

China has experienced unprecedented urbanization in the past decades, resulting in dramatic changes in the physical, limnological, and hydrological characteristics of lakes in urban landscapes. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics in distribution and abundance of urban lakes in China remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal change patterns of urban lakes in China’s major cities between 1990 and 2015 using remote-sensing data and landscape metrics. The results showed that the urban lake landscape patterns have experienced drastic changes over the past 25 years. The total surface area of the urban lakes has decreased by 17,620.02?ha, a decrease of 24.22%, with a significant increase in the landscape fragmentation and a reduction in shape complexity. We defined three lake-shrinkage types and found that vanishment was the most common lake-shrinkage pattern, followed by edge-shrinkage and tunneling in terms of lake area. Moreover, we also found that urban sprawl was the dominant driver of the lake shrinkage, accounting for 67.89% of the total area loss, and the transition from lakes to cropland was also an important factor (19.86%). This study has potential for providing critical baseline information for government decision-making in lake resources management and urban landscape design.     

Spatially uniform specific discharge from headwater to river basins on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Hydrogeology Journal - Although there is a general consensus that spatial heterogeneity is ubiquitous in hydrological responses, it is common practice to assume a constant specific discharge among...     

浙江省涂膜柑橘贮藏期烂果风险区划及历史变化特征

为了了解浙江省涂膜柑橘贮藏期烂果风险的时空分布规律及其近60年的变化特征,利用1961—2016年常规站日气象观测资料,以涂膜柑橘贮藏腐烂阈值及各时段发生的频率为区划指标,采用距离权重反比法(IDW,Inverse Distance Weighted),开展了柑橘贮藏期烂果时间阈值风险区划,并分析了它的年代际变化。结果表明:2006年以后,浙江涂膜柑橘贮藏期烂果出现的时间越来越早,且从西南地区到东北地区柑橘贮藏期烂果出现时间逐渐推迟。最晚时间西南部地区在3月上旬,中西部地区和沿海南部地区在3月中旬,其他地区在3月下旬。21世纪10年代前6年与20世纪60年代相比较,丽水涂膜柑橘贮藏最早烂果时间从3月第1候提前到2月第4候,而最晚时间从4月第4候提前到第1候。区划结果将为橘农合理安排柑橘贮存、及时进行贩销提供参考和科学依据,从而减少对柑橘贮藏品质的影响。     

两类El Niňo事件次年夏季长江-黄河流域降水低频特征及低频水汽输送途径差异

利用1961年1月—2014年12月Hadley气候预测研究中心的全球海表温度(SST)资料,NECP/NCAR逐日风场、比湿等再分析资料,国家气象信息中心提供的中国753站逐日降水、160站逐月降水资料,对比分析了东部(EP)型和中部(CP)型两类El Niňo事件次年夏季长江-黄河流域降水(简记为EP型和CP型降水)低频特征,以及与之相关的低频水汽输送差异。结果表明,1)平均而言,EP型降水主要有10～20 d(最显著)以及20～30 d(次显著)低频周期;CP型降水主要有10～20 d的低频显著周期。与之相关的纬、经向水汽通量最显著低频周期也为10～20 d。2)影响EP、CP型低频降水共同的低频水汽环流系统主要有:菲律宾群岛附近的异常反气旋式水汽环流和渤海湾附近(日本东南侧)的异常气旋式(反气旋式)水汽环流。另外,影响EP(CP)型低频降水的还有来自巴尔喀什湖东北部异常气旋式水汽环流(孟加拉湾、苏门答腊岛以西的异常气旋式水汽环流对和贝加尔湖西、东两侧的异常气旋式、反气旋式环流)。3)EP型降水暖湿水汽主要源自南海,冷湿水汽主要源自西北太平洋,冷空气来自巴尔喀什湖东北部和贝加尔湖西北侧。CP型降水暖湿水汽少量来自阿拉伯海和印度洋,大量来自热带西太平洋,冷空气主要来自贝加尔湖西北侧。     

北京山区与平原冬季近地面风的精细观测特征

利用2009—2018年冬季北京地区200多个自动气象站逐时10 m风速、风向观测数据,分典型区域（山区、山区与平原过渡区、平原区、城区）研究北京地区冬季近地面风的精细特征,并使用有完整记录的2 a（2017和2018年）冬季延庆高山区不同海拔高度10 m风逐时观测数据,多视角分析高山区不同海拔高度近地面风的特征和成因,以深刻认识北京地区复杂地形条件下冬季近地面风的特征和规律。结果表明:（1）北京地区冬季近地面平均风受西部北部地形、城市下垫面粗糙度和冷空气活动共同影响,平均风速沿地形梯度分布,山区高平原低,平原中又以城区风速最小;盛行西北风和北风,在城区东、西两侧盛行风出现扰流,在山区和过渡区一些地方还存在与局地地形环境明显关联的其他盛行风向。（2）4个典型区域冬季近地面风速日变化均表现为白天风速大于夜间,午间风速最大的“峰强谷平”单峰特征,这一特征的稳定性在城区高、山区低。（3）4个区域冬季弱风（< 1 m/s）频率为31%—42%,城区较高、山区较低;强风（> 10.8 m/s）频次则是山区多、城区少,强风风向主要表现为偏西—偏北,与冷空气活动密切关联;城区、平原区和过渡区偏南风频率均为极小,暗示北京“山区—平原”风模态在冬季是“隐式”的、不易被直接观测到。（4）近地面风的水平尺度代表范围在延庆高山区高海拔处明显大于低海拔处,海拔1500 m附近（平均的边界层顶高度）是延庆高山近地面风速日变化特征的“分水岭”,低于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化表现为前述“峰强谷平”单峰特征,而高于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化则呈现相反特征,即夜间大白天小、午间最小的“峰平谷深”特征,这是由边界层湍流活动的日变化及伴随的低层自由大气动量向边界层内下传所致。（5）延庆高山近地面风速大体上随观测高度而增大,高海拔站点日平均风速数倍于低海拔站点。白天—前半夜,海拔约2000 m的站点冬季盛行偏西风,风向变化不大,但风速为2—12 m/s;1000 m左右的低海拔站则风速比较稳定（< 6 m/s）,风向从午间至傍晚相对多变。