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971.
Paolo Budetta 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):233-250
This paper deals with a finite element stability analysis performed on a sea-cliff affected by a deep notch. The cliff is
about 200 m long with height ranging between 8 and 19 m. The notch at the cliff base is about 1 m above sea level, nearly
stretching along the entire cliff toe. Detailed geo-structural and geo-mechanical surveys were performed in situ, and rock
samples were tested in laboratory. The relevant physical and mechanical properties were used for determining rock mass strength
parameters. A finite element approach was implemented using a two-dimensional elasto-plastic finite-element stress analysis
program. The stability analysis shows that the notch causes increasing shear strains spreading from the notch end towards
the top cliff. Decreasing strength reduction factors affect the cliff as the notch reaches increased depth into the rock mass,
and when its depth is about 2 m the analysis results do not converge. At this stage, an uninterrupted shear plane develops
along which a roughly prismatic rock block can slide and then topple. 相似文献
972.
Destructive near-fault strong ground motion from the 2016 Kumamoto prefecture,Japan, M7.3 earthquake
Takashi Furumura 《Landslides》2016,13(6):1519-1524
The sequence of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake, which included an initial M6.5 foreshock on April 14, followed by a larger M7.3 mainshock on April 16, and subsequently occurred high aftershock activity, caused significant damage in Kumamoto and neighboring regions. The near-field strong motion record by strong motion network (K-NET and KiK-net) and the intensity meter network demonstrated clearly the characteristics of the strong ground motion developed by the shallow (H = 12 km), inland earthquake comprising short-time duration (<15–20 s) but large (>1G) ground accelerations. The velocity response spectra of the near-fault motion at Mashiki and Nishihara showed large levels (>300–550 cm/s) in the short-period range (T = 1–2 s), several times larger than that of the near-field record of the destructive 1995 Kobe earthquake (M7.3) and that of the 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake (M6.8). This period corresponds to the collapse vulnerability of Japanese wooden-frame houses, and is the major cause of severe damage during the Kumamoto earthquake. The response spectra also showed extremely large levels (>240–340 cm/s) in the long-period (T > 3 s) band, which is potentially disastrous for high-rise buildings, large oil storage tanks, etc. to have longer resonant period. Such long-period motion was, for the most parts, developed by the static displacement of the fault movement rather than by the seismic waves radiating from the source fault. Thus, the extreme near-fault long-period motion was hazardous only close to the fault but it attenuated very rapidly away from the fault. 相似文献
973.
Sigismond A. Wilson 《GeoJournal》2011,76(3):191-212
Although the Kimberley Process Certificate Scheme has considerably reduced the flow of conflict diamonds from 4% to less than
1%, other forms of illicit diamonds are estimated at 20% of global production. While scholars and policy makers have given
considerable attention to illicit mining and smuggling (with some success), illicit exploitation still hinders revenue generation
that is needed for economic growth and development in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries heavily reliant on alluvial minerals.
Based on surveys of 240 households in four diamondiferous chiefdoms in Kono District in Sierra Leone, key informant interviews,
focus groups and secondary data, and drawing from the actor-oriented approach and Le Billon (Fuelling war: natural resources
and armed conflict. London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2005) conceptualization of the political geography of the resource, this paper examines the problem of illicit diamond exploitation
in post-conflict Sierra Leone. It investigates: (1) the causes of illicit diamond mining and smuggling; (2) the spatial and
temporal aspects of illicit mining and smuggling, and (3) possible solutions to illicit diamond exploitation. The paper argues
that the ineffectiveness of national mining laws/policies has created conditions that are exploited by local and international
actors in the diamond industry. This is further exacerbated by the political geography of the resource. Study findings reveal
that while better mining regulation could reduce illicit exploitation, bringing buyers closers to miners and offering them
better prices for rough diamonds will minimize smuggling and thus increase government’s mineral revenue base. 相似文献
974.
The hydroxyl stretching frequencies of four phyllosilicates have been measured at high pressures and temperatures using an externally heated diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron infrared spectroscopy. Spectra were measured up to 26, 31, 21 and 8 GPa at room temperature for samples of talc, pyrophyllite, muscovite and 10-Å phase, respectively. Spectra were also measured in the range 273–500 K at ambient pressure for all samples and at 8–9 GPa for talc and pyrophyllite. The frequency of the Mg3OH band in talc increases with pressure due to the absence of hydrogen bonding. The different orientation of the hydroxyl group in pyrophyllite and muscovite leads to hydrogen bonding and a decrease in the frequency of the Al2OH band with pressure. 10-Å phase is approximately equivalent to talc with the addition of interlayer H2O. In a spectrum of a sample synthesised for 143 h, two hydroxyl stretching bands are clearly resolved on compression. One is the same as the Mg3OH band in talc, indicating the presence of intra-layer hydroxyl in a talc-like environment with no hydrogen bonding. The other, which separates from the talc-like band at 1 GPa, is associated with intra-layer hydroxyl that is hydrogen bonded to interlayer H2O. There are equivalent bands in high-pressure spectra of a sample of deuterated 10-Å phase, synthesised for 400 h. This sample shows a greater extent of hydrogen bonding at ambient pressure than the 143 h sample. For all of the phases studied, increasing temperature leads to a decrease in frequency for every hydroxyl stretching vibration, both at low and high pressures. The shifts in frequency with temperature are an order of magnitude greater than the shifts with pressure when normalised to previously measured structural parameters. 相似文献
975.
Impact of Berm Breaching on Hyperbenthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Intermittently Closed Estuaries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adrian W. T. Lill Gerard P. Closs Marc Schallenberg Candida Savage 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(1):155-168
Berm breaching of intermittently closed estuaries, either naturally or due to management practices, results in a physicochemical
disturbance due to the flushing of water, material and biota into the ocean and the subsequent tidal influx. In 2007 and 2008
comparative and controlled studies were employed in three New Zealand estuaries: Sawmill Creek (46°04′ S 170°12′ E), Otokia
Creek (45°57′ S 179°20′ E) and Kaikorai Lagoon (45°56′ S 170°23′ E), to investigate the impact of berm breaching on the hyperbenthic
macroinvertebrate community in intermittently closed estuaries. Significant changes in community structure occurred in both
the weekly comparative and the controlled studies (ANOSIM P < 0.01). Furthermore, the catch per unit effort of both total
and key invertebrate taxa significantly increased after breaching (ANOVA P < 0.01). However, substantial numbers of individuals were expelled into the ocean (5,800 individuals, 20-min sample) while
new taxa immigrated into the estuaries. Along with migration-related changes to community structure, berm breaches also resulted
in the loss of ∼80% of inundated habitat and the concentration of existing populations. Consequently, the management of intermittent
estuary connections to the ocean has implications for the ecology of individual, managed estuaries and also for regional coastal
populations of epibenthic invertebrates. 相似文献
976.
The morphosedimentary evolution of a sector of the southern Espinhaco range (northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil) and its
regional neotectonic setting are presented herein. The studied site is a stream at base level flowing along the western border
of the range. Its identification was accomplished by using remote sensing techniques including the analysis of 3D slope models
generated with shuttle radar topography mission images. The main geomorphological features of the identified site were surveyed
in a 1:500 scale. In addition, seven stratigraphic logs are described. A regional geologic compilation and facies diagrams
were used as a basis for the integration of the geomorphological and stratigraphic data, which produced some conclusions about
the recent tectonic reactivations at the eastern border of Sao Francisco Craton. The results point to a local eastward tilting
of the Espinhaco range. This fact is in accordance with previous findings in neighboring areas and results in the asymmetric
evolution of the fluvial valley, as well as the regional relief. 相似文献
977.
This study assesses the origin and pollution of trace metals in surface soils in a region with contrasting land uses (urban
vs. rural). Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that Cr and Ni are predominantly of geogenic origin. These two trace
metals are also the only ones with statistically significant correlations with soil particle size and organic matter content.
Copper, Pb and Zn, and possibly Hg, are of anthropogenic origin, but their concentrations rarely reach levels described as
strongly polluted by pollution indexes. The concentrations of these anthropogenic trace metals are statistically not different
in urban and rural areas, except for Pb that is higher in the urban area. This general lack of a difference between the two
land uses indicates that the influence of this small urban area on trace metal concentrations in soils is minor. Lead and
Zn have the most, but still a modest number, of strongly polluted sites, mainly in an industrial part of the city. GIS analysis
shows that, based on the pollution load index (PLI), overall concentrations of trace metals also reach their highest levels
in that industrial area. These observations indicate that the influence of industry on trace metal pollution in soil exceeds
that of other urban activities in the region. Local background concentrations were found to be very different from general
crustal background concentrations. This demonstrates the importance of the careful selection of a background type in studies
like this. 相似文献
978.
Soumyajit Mukherjee Hemin A. Koyi Christopher J. Talbot 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(1):253-272
The Higher Himalayan Shear Zone (HHSZ) contains a ductile top-to-N/NE shear zone—the South Tibetan detachment system-lower
(STDSL) and an out-of-sequence thrust (OOST) as well as a top-to-N/NE normal shear at its northern boundary and ubiquitously distributed
compressional top-to-S/SW shear throughout the shear zone. The OOST that was active between 22 Ma and the Holocene, varies
in thickness from 50 m to 6 km and in throw from 1.4 to 20 km. Channel flow analogue models of this structural geology were
performed in this work. A Newtonian viscous polymer (PDMS) was pushed through a horizontal channel leading to an inclined
channel with parallel and upward-diverging boundaries analogous to the HHSZ and allowed to extrude to the free surface. A
top-to-N/NE shear zone equivalent to the STDSU developed spontaneously. This also indirectly connotes an independent flow confined to the southern part of the HHSZ gave
rise to the STDSL. The PDMS originally inside the horizontal channel extruded at a faster rate through the upper part of the inclined channel.
The lower boundary of this faster PDMS defined the OOST. The model OOST originated at the corner and reached the vent at positions
similar to the natural prototype some time after the channel flow began. The genesis of the OOST seems to be unrelated to
any rheologic contrast or climatic effects. Profound variations in the flow parameters along the HHSZ and the extrusive force
probably resulted in variations in the timing, location, thickness and slip parameters of the OOST. Variation in pressure
gradient within the model horizontal channel, however, could not be matched with the natural prototype. Channel flow alone
presumably did not result in southward propagation of deformation in the Himalaya. 相似文献
979.
GEV干旱指数及其在气象干旱预测和监测中的应用和检验 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍了一种新的基于广义极值分布(Generalized Extreme Value,GEV)的干旱指数的构建过程及其原理。并利用1951—2010年中国地区160个气象台站的逐月降水资料,选择6个代表台站,检验1951—2010年60年间预测的干旱和实际干旱事件发生的吻合程度;利用2009—2010年资料检验GEV指数和实际发生的干旱事件在月尺度上的监测效果。结果表明,利用GEV方法定义的干旱指数能较好地监测干旱事件的发生和发展,与目前广泛使用的Ci指数监测结果较为一致。同时这种指数也能用于某一地区干旱事件的预测和干旱等级的划分。对干旱业务监测和预测有重要的参考意义。但该指数对站点疏密有一定的依赖性,站点稀疏的区域存在着一些误差。 相似文献
980.
The vegetation damage assessment of the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 using remote sensing and GIS 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
The methodology for assessing the vegetation damaged by the Wenchuan earthquake by using the technologies of remote sensing
and GIS was discussed in Dujiangyan city of Sichuan Province, China. The model of extracting vegetation from CBERS images
was formulated using the differentiation knowledge of vegetation and non-vegetation discovered by image analysis and geographic
analysis. The damage degree index (DDI) of the vegetation was defined here, which was the difference of the normalized difference
vegetation index before the earthquake and that after earthquake. The China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite (CBERS)-02’s images
acquired, respectively, on 6 May and 27 June 2008, the model of extracting vegetation, and DDI were used to obtain the information
about the area and degree of the damage vegetation in the study. There was 87.94 square kilometers vegetation damaged by Wenchuan
earthquake, which accounted for 7.9% of the total area in Dujiangyan city. The area percentage of the damage vegetation in
each grade related strongly and positively to the elevation grade and slope grade and weakly related to the aspect type. The
distribution characteristics of the damage vegetation were useful for making plan of restoring vegetation here. 相似文献