A 30 meter land cover mapping of China with an efficient clustering algorithm CBEST

Remote sensing based land cover mapping at large scale is time consuming when using either supervised or unsupervised classification approaches. This article used a fast clustering method—Clustering by Eigen Space Transformation(CBEST) to produce a land cover map for China. Firstly, 508 Landsat TM scenes were collected and processed. Then, TM images were clustered by combining CBEST and K-means in each pre-defined ecological zone(50 in total for China). Finally, the obtained clusters were visually interpreted as land cover types to complete a land cover map. Accuracy evaluation using 2159 test samples indicates an overall accuracy of 71.7% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.64. Comparisons with two global land cover products(i.e., Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover(FROM-GLC) and GlobCover 2009) also indicate that our land cover result using CBEST is superior in both land cover area estimation and visual effect for different land cover types.     

基于幂强化本构模型的轴对称圆巷弹塑性解

轴对称圆巷的弹塑性求解的关键是选择合适的屈服准则。已经有诸多学者选择Mohr-Coulomb准则、Drucker-Prager准则和Hoek-Brown准则等,进行了相应的求解。为了探讨更符合工程实际需要的准则和求解,在考虑岩石材料的应变强化效应的条件下,建立了轴对称圆巷的幂强化本构模型和基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的幂强化-理想塑性模型,并进行了弹塑性求解。以工程实例为计算条件,将幂强化-理想塑性模型的计算结果与基于Mohr-Coulomb准则、Drucker-Prager准则的理想塑性模型和幂强化模型的计算结果分别进行了对比,分析幂强化参数对围岩弹塑性解的影响。研究表明,应变强化效应对围岩稳定性有较大影响,对于应变强化效应较强的岩石材料,采用幂强化模型分析更接近工程实际。     

胶结充填体三轴压缩变形破坏及能量耗散特征分析

充填体的变形破坏、能量耗散与围压的变化密切相关,通过开展不同灰砂配比、浓度的充填体单轴、三轴压缩试验,基于系列试验结果,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的变形特征、破坏模式及能量耗散与围压的内在关系。结果表明,随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值应变随之增大,且两者呈线性相关;低围压时充填体呈现脆性破坏,表现为应变软化特征,随着围压增大,充填体由脆性向应变硬化转化,灰砂比越大、浓度越高,充填体发生脆-延性的临界围压值越大。充填体的破坏裂纹发展形式各异,大致可分为单一、平行、交叉和复合4种类型;宏观破坏表现主要呈“X”状、“Y”状剪切模式,破坏面的类型主要分为：直线式光滑摩擦面、圆弧式破碎摩擦面、直线式破碎摩擦面以及台阶式破碎摩擦面。充填体的峰值强度与围压也呈正线性相关,内摩擦角对灰砂比的敏感性要高于浓度。围压的增大能够相当程度上提高充填体各阶段的应变能,峰前、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压皆呈正相关性。     

沉积学研究热点与进展:第19届国际沉积学大会综述

基于第19届国际沉积学大会资料,分析了当前国际沉积学研究热点和研究进展,指出除了资源沉积学研究持续走热外,全球气候变化沉积记录、深水沉积与事件沉积和碳酸盐与微生物沉积成为当前沉积学3大热门研究领域。全球气候沉积记录领域的进展表现在气候的沉积记录载体研究,特殊地质时期或地域气候效应及早期气候宏观变化规律研究;深水沉积与事件沉积领域的进展包括水力跳跃、深水实地监测等重力流沉积过程研究,地震、海啸、洪水、火山等事件沉积学及重力流沉积预测及油气勘探;碳酸盐与微生物沉积领域的进展包含冷水碳酸盐沉积和微生物对碳酸盐沉积的控制。对比表明,中国沉积学研究在环境上关注河湖等陆相多,风成、冰川和海岸等研究较薄弱;性质上以资源沉积学等应用研究为主导,沉积动力过程等基础研究薄弱;热点领域上对深水沉积和非常规油气领域关注多,但多局限于沉积现象描述与油气勘探开发实践。笔者指出,注重碎屑物沉积动力过程和源—渠—汇系统分析,及时引进深水和冷水碳酸盐沉积理论、发展生物地质学,充分利用大量科探和油田钻孔资料开展全球气候研究,是近期中国沉积学突破的可能方向。     

近50年青藏高原东部降雪的时空演变

选用1967-2012年青藏高原东部60个站点的观测资料,分析了该地区降雪的时空演变特征,并结合降水和气温的变化,探讨了降雪与积雪的关系,结果表明：青藏高原东部年降雪量在1.3~152.5 mm范围内变化,空间分布差异显著;秋季降雪表现出中间多、周边少的特征,冬季降雪表现出由东南向西北递减的特征,春季降雪最多且空间分布与年降雪基本一致;降雪可划分为青南高原区、藏北高原区、柴达木盆地区、青藏高原东南缘区、川西高原西北部区、青藏高原南缘区、青海东北部区及藏南谷地区;就青藏高原整体而言,除秋季外,整年、冬季和春季降雪均表现出“少—多—少”的年代际变化特征,其中冬季降雪在1986年发生了由少到多的突变,整年、冬季和春季降雪均在1997年发生了由多到少的突变;不同区域降雪的时间变化规律各具特点;降雪与积雪的关系十分密切,春季降雪受气温的影响最为显著,秋季次之,冬季最弱;20世纪末,春季降雪受气温升高的影响表现出与降水变化相反的由多到少的气候突变特征。     

Variations of bank shift rates along the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River and their influencing factors

It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections (interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km) and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975–1990, 1990–2010 and 2010–2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975–2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1:7.6:4.6 for shift to the left and 1:1.7:3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1:1.8:1.2 for shift to the left and 1:5.6:17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975–2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities, while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials.     

城市道路尘埃的磁性特征及其环境意义

城市环境磁性研究表明,道路尘埃中的粗颗粒磁性载体(频率磁化率系数χ′FD＜5%)多为人为源,磁性矿物以单畴和多畴状态的磁铁矿为主,同时含有少量的赤铁矿和其他磁性矿物;细颗粒磁性载体(χ′FD为7%～11%)多为自然源,磁化率较低(小于100×10-8 m3/kg).磁性物质在迁移时往往与粗一级粒径的尘埃颗粒相伴生,磁性参数(如磁化率)和重金属元素(如铅、锌)质量分数之间呈相关关系,它们之间的关系可以用回归分析方法确定.利用电镜分析、因子分析和聚类分析方法可以识别道路尘埃物质的污染源.因此,道路尘埃的磁性特征研究在城市环境评价中具有潜在的重要意义.     

无碰撞重联区中的混沌感应电阻

无碰撞磁场重联作为一种将磁能有效转化为等离子体动能和热能的机制,已经被广泛应用于解释太阳耀斑、地球磁暴等各类等离子体的爆发活动.然而,在无碰撞重联区中反常电阻的微观物理机制仍然是尚未解决的基本问题.在众多反常电阻的形成机制中,基于磁零点附近粒子轨道混沌性产生的混沌感应电阻,虽然不是最普遍流行的形成机制,但它的微观物理图像却是最为清晰的.回顾了无碰撞重联区中混沌感应电阻的早期研究和基本理论模型,介绍了关于混沌感应电阻研究的新进展并阐述了混沌感应电阻未来的研究方向.     

Evidence for Tibetan Plateau Uplift in Qaidam Basin before Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and Its Climatic Implications

Geometry analysis of the Hongsanhan (红三旱) Section in the northwestern Qaidam basin illustrates the typical growth strata in the Xiaganchaigou (下干柴沟) Formation. The age and sedimentation rates of the Xiaganchaigou and the Shangganchaigou (上干柴沟) formations were determined by the high-resolution magnetostratigraphy. This result shows that the growth strata began to form at ca. 38.0 Ma and increased sedimentation rates occurred at ca. 37.0 Ma. The uplift of the Tibetan plateau before the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is confirmed, which enables us to better understand the relationship between climatic changes and the tectonic uplift. This uplift event could have resuited in the regional drying by blocking the moisture and contributed to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary global cooling event due to the declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increased weathering of the mountains.     

苏州城郊村镇分布特征

苏州市郊区村镇密布,基本上呈一里一村。在近20年的地区城市化快速发展带动下,村镇面积也逐步扩大,但众多村镇的空间分布格局一直未变。在苏州实现全面小康社会目标以及保护耕地,实现耕地总量动态平衡的要求下,村镇的传统分布格局必须有所调整,否则会影响小康目标以及可持续发展在整个地区的顺利实现。为此,利用遥感和GIS技术提取了苏州城郊390个村镇的空间分布特征参数,主要包括村镇面积、面积等级、密度以及村镇之间距离。通过对这些参数的统计分析,探讨了本区村镇分布的主要影响因素和基本表现规律,分析了进行苏州郊区村镇布局调整的可能性与意义,在此基础上提出了一种进行村镇布局调整的决策方法,从地理科学角度为苏州地区耕地保护和城乡统筹科学发展提供技术支持。