基于快速数字锁相的溶解氧检测优化设计

溶解氧浓度检测在水产养殖和环境监测中具有重要的意义。本文提出了一种基于快速数字锁相的溶解氧检测优化设计,利用快速数字锁相算法与过采样技术,实现了荧光信号和调制信号的快速相位解调,并得到二者相位差,根据Stern-Volmer方程求出溶解氧浓度值。本文分析了调制频率对测量结果的影响,选择合适的调制频率用于测量,并利用最小二乘法对测量结果进行拟合,拟合后的确定系数R-square为0.999 25。实验数据表明,测量结果相对误差（RE）小于±1.5%,相对标准差（RSD）小于4%,稳定时间小于50 s。本文提出的优化设计不仅具有较高的测量精度,还简化了硬件设计,降低了成本。     

基于SEBAL模型的疏勒河流域蒸散发估算与灌溉效率评价

我国西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源匮乏,水资源利用主要用于农业生产,准确估算内陆河流域蒸散发与农业灌溉效率,对研究内陆河流域气候变化和水资源合理利用具有重要作用。利用基于地表能量平衡方程的SEBAL模型,对2017—2018年疏勒河流域蒸散量进行定量估算与时空分布特征分析,并结合降水量与净灌溉水量数据,对疏勒河流域昌马灌区的年内灌溉水有效利用系数进行估算。结果表明：（1） 疏勒河流域2017—2018年日均ET呈单峰变化趋势,最大值为6月的5. 03 mm·d^–1,最小值为12月的0. 55 mm·d^–1,并存在明显的空间分布差异。（2） 疏勒河流域四季ET差异显著,夏季ET达到最高的201. 83 mm,春秋次之,冬季最低为53. 92 mm;ET由东南向西北逐渐减小,流域上游ET明显高于中下游地区。（3） 昌马灌区各灌溉时段不同的灌溉水量造成了各灌季蒸散量的差异,灌区ET高值区主要分布在中部与东南部,低值区主要分布在西北部和灌区边缘。（4） 昌马灌区年内灌溉水有效利用系数呈下降趋势,其中春灌、夏灌、秋灌和冬灌分别为0. 76、0. 71、0. 69和0. 55,年均灌溉水有效利用系数为0. 67。     

新时期高校世界地理教学的挑战与应对

世界地理是我国高校地理科学专业重要的基础性课程之一,对培养学生地理学思维、区域分析和综合分析能力具有重要作用。本文在阐释世界地理学科特征和教育功能的基础上,分析总结了当前我国世界地理教学面临的主要问题和挑战。同时,随着全球化问题愈发突出、中国提出“一带一路”倡议以及世界地理研究机构的“复兴”,世界地理教学和学科发展迎来了良好机遇。最后,文章从5个“走向”提出了世界地理教学改革的主要思路,包括从世界地理知识走向世界地理科学、从世界地理教学走向世界地理研究、从部门地理走向综合地理、从注重地理知识性走向突出地理决策性以及从以教师为中心走向以学生为中心,以期为我国高校世界地理教学以及世界地理学科发展提供借鉴和启示。     

酸洗法测定海洋沉积物有机碳和无机碳含量的致命缺陷

Organic and inorganic carbon contents of marine sediments are important to reconstruct marine productivity,global carbon cycle, and climate change. A proper method to separate and determine organic and inorganic carbons is thus of great necessity. Although the best method is still disputable, the acid leaching method is widely used in many laboratories because of its ease-of-use and high accuracy. The results of the elemental analysis of sediment trap samples reveal that organic and inorganic carbon contents cannot be obtained using the acid leaching method, causing an infinitely amplified error when the carbon content of the decarbonated sample is 12%±1% according to a mathematical derivation. Acid fumigation and gasometric methods are used for comparison, which indicates that other methods can avoid this problem in organic carbon analysis. For the first time, this study uncovers the pitfalls of the acid leaching method, which limits the implication in practical laboratory measurement, and recommends alternative solutions of organic/inorganic carbon determination in marine sediments.     

Ocean color products retrieval and validation around China coast with MODIS

Waters along China coast are very turbid with high concentrations of suspended sediment nearly all the time,especially at the Hangzhou Bay,the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the shoal along Jiangsu Province.In these turbid and optically complex waters,the standard MODIS ocean color products tend to have invalid values.Because the water-leaving radiances in the near-infrared (NIR) are significant resulting from the strong scattering of suspended particles,the standard MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm often gets no results or produces significant errors.And because of the complex water optical properties,the OC3 model used in the standard MODIS data processing tends to get extremely high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations.In this paper,we present an atmospheric correction approach using MODIS short wave infrared (SWIR) bands based on the fact that water-leaving radiances are negligible in the SWIR region because of the extreme strong absorption of water even in turbid waters.A regional Chl-a concentration estimation model is also constructed for MODIS from in situ data.These algorithms are applied to MODIS Aqua data processing in the China coastal regions.In situ data collected in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring and autumn,2003 are used to validate the performance.Reasonably good results have been obtained.It is noted that water-leaving reflectance in the NIR bands are significant in waters along the China coast with high sediment loadings.The satellite derived and in-situ reflectance spectra can match in the turbid waters along China coast,and there is relatively good linear relationship between satellite derived and in-situ reflectance.The RMSE value of Rrs(λ) is 0.0031 sr ?1 for all the nine ocean color bands (412 to 869 nm).The satellite-derived Chl-a value is in the reasonable range and the root mean square percentage difference is 46.1%.     

生物标志物及其碳同位素在冷泉区生物地球化学研究中的应用

甲烷通量在很大程度上控制着海底冷泉区生物地球化学过程及生态系统。缺氧甲烷氧化(AOM)作用是消耗CH4的一种重要途径,主要是由甲烷氧化古菌和硫酸盐还原菌共同调节的,其反应机制及碳循环可以利用生物标志物及其碳同位素比值来表征。这两种微生物所产生的特定生物标志物都具有相对负的δ13C值,且硫酸盐还原菌生物标志物的δ13C值要比古菌的略偏正,说明在AOM过程中,甲烷碳从古菌到细菌的传递。甲烷通量决定海底冷泉区微生物群落结构,通量高时以ANME-2古菌群落为主,而OH-AR和BIPH两个生物标志物指标可以指示古菌群落结构变化。所以,利用生物标志物及其δ13C值不仅能够证明AOM作用的存在和反应机制,还可以对冷泉区(尤其是古冷泉区)环境及微生物群落结构进行分析和重建。     

基于受限自然语言的GIS命令解析方法

自然语言使用自由、灵活,并且不受环境和地点的约束,是一种流畅、快捷的信息交流方式。在地理信息系统中合理地运用自然语言,实现用户与系统之间的人机交互,将有助于GIS的智能化发展。自然语言以文字的形式发送GIS命令,其中负载了大量空间数据信息和GIS的基本操作指令。因此,基于受限自然语言的GIS命令解析,旨在从输入的语句中抽取与GIS操作有关的信息。本文根据规则匹配的思想,按地图浏览、数据读写、数据采集、信息查询、空间分析功能和词语搭配关系对词汇进行分类标记,并且通过语句切分、语句规范化、规则匹配及函数映射四个处理过程,对以受限自然语言为输入形式的GIS命令进行解析。经实例分析表明,规则匹配方法可以较好地消除自然语言中非结构化空间信息与GIS中结构化空间信息之间的语义障碍,有助于自然语言在GIS中的深入应用。     

海洋天然气水合物开采方法及产量分析

海洋天然气水合物的巨大储量刺激了世界各国能源部门努力研究如何从天然气水合物储层生产天然气。根据水合物形成的条件,只有当水合物处在其相平衡条件以外,水合物才能分解。因此,水合物的开采方法只能为热熔法、抑制剂刺激法、减压法和地面分解法。为了对天然气水合物储层中气体的生产有个定量的评估,本文以水合物开采井为例,运用数学方法推导了水合物井中气体的产生量。结果表明,在天然气水合物储层中,天然气释放量是井内水合物分解温度、压力及水合物层气体渗透性的敏感函数。该函数可以用于天然气水合物井气体开采量的计算及对水合物储层可开采性评价。     

渤海近岸水体漫衰减系数Kd(490)遥感反演模型

Irrigated land is one of the most important parts in land cover classification system, but until now it has seldom been reported about extracting it from remote sensing data and monitoring its dynamic change. The existing researches are focused on the land use-cover change (LUCC) and the irrigated area mapping, so the study on extracting irrigated land is much more important. On the basis of close relationship between water deficit index (WDI) and soil water content, this paper firstly combines two neighbor NDVI and the surface-air temperature (Ts-Ta) and conforms one Vegetation Index Temperature (VIT). It makes the timely incomparable WDI comparable and then computes the change of WDI during the monitored period. Secondly it infers the change of soil water. Thirdly it removes the rainfall’s influence under some assumption and extracts the irrigated land of the survey area. Results show that comparing with census data all the deviation is below 7% in the survey area except Shanxi province, which means that the extracted results are comparable with census data. Extracted irrigated land mainly distributes around rivers, lakes, and reservoirs or on the irrigated regions and oasises. The results are consistent with the centralized region which has abundant irrigated land known before. The results are checked elementarily using TM images. All the precisions are above 70% except in Shanxi province. The precision in Xinjiang municipality is the highest.     

汶川Ms8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译

汶川Ms8.0地震诱发了大量次生地质灾害, 主要包括崩塌、滑坡与泥石流等。在获取到全面的研究区震后多源遥感影像后, 采用人工目视解译的方法, 对14个重灾县(市)进行次生地质灾害解译工作, 共解译出约46560处崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地震次生地质灾害, 灾害总面积约687.1km2。基于GIS平台获取到它们的位置、平面面积等基本信息, 绘制了研究区的地震次生地质灾害分布图与点密度图。结果表明, 本次地震次生地质灾害与龙门山3条主断裂有较好的对应关系, 且主要分布在4个集中区域。最后, 分析了地震次生地质灾害