中国湖泊综合分类原则、级别划分及分类程序之初探

在略述了国内外湖泊分类研究现状的基础上.探讨了开展我国湖泊综合分类的原则、级别划分以及综合分类所应遵循的程序。主导因素与综合因素相结合,建立分类的主导标志,是湖泊综合分类系统中高层次分类的关键;区域相似性(相对一致性)与差异性的对比分析是低层次分类的重要环节。在此基础上.还应充分考虑到人类经济活动的方式与强度对湖泊诸自然因素的影响,以便使湖泊综合分类工作既具有理论上的意义,同时又具有实用价值。级别划分应从以下标准衡量:分类结果是否能充分揭示或反映出湖泊所具有的区域综合特性以及地貌、水文、化学、生物等各因子之间的有机联系和相互影响;能否展示出湖泊的动态变化和今后的演变趋势;是否简明扼要,便于实际应用。工作程序可大致分解为四个相对独立又彼此有着紧密联系的阶段,即系统搜集与占有资料、资料分析整理与单因子分类、综合分类、理论诠释。     

渤海潮流及湖余流的数值计算

渤海是我国重点保护水系之一。为了控制水域污染,制定废水排海标准,首要步骤须查明入海污染物质的扩散过程。在渤海,潮流是形成污染扩散的主要营力之一,为此首先计算渤海的潮流及潮余流场。近二十年来,随着电子计算机的迅速发展和计算技术的进步,潮汐动力学进入了数值研究的新阶段。这一新方向的特点,是以求解自然条件下长波方程的初值——边值问题为出发点,研究以往所不能解决的许多复杂现象。     

闽江口水域浑浊带划分的遥感分析

本文以10幅1975～1987年闽江口表层悬浮泥沙遥感定量分布圈为主要依据,对闽江口浑浊带进行划分。结果表明,它可划分为高浑浊带、中浑浊带(变化浑浊带)和低浑浊带,反映了潮控河口表层悬浮泥沙依潮相的周期性变化、随潮位的瞬时变化、受控于径流作用的季节性变化以及波浪效应、近海水系牵动和水下地形制约的含量变化。闽江口内、外拦门沙主体处于变化浑浊带,水体中的泥沙负载常显现“不饱和”状态,为拦门沙的治理提供了有利的条件。     

极浅海域潮流数值模型

通过对以往的浅水环流数值模型进行改进，建立适用于极浅水域的且能达到较高分辨率的潮汐环流数值模型。模型的主要特点是：（１）通过改进海底摩擦项的表达式来克服传统的二次方律在极浅的潮滩区所产生的不稳定问题；（２）采用逆风格式处理动量方程中的平流项，有效地抑制由于岸边界移动引起的数值短波的扩散。结合老虎滩湾海上工程的需要，利用本模型进行一系列的数值模拟试验。经过实测资料验证表明，改进后的模型具有良好的稳定     

闽江口拦门沙悬浮泥沙动态的遥感分析

闽江口内、外拦门沙是福州港通海之主要障碍。本文应用遥感分析研究其悬浮泥沙的动态。结果表明,内拦门沙的形成与演变受多种因素控制,最重要的是川石水道的分流;外拦门沙是经梅花水道合流和铁板沙过滩水流分流后川石水道远端泥沙扩散的产物。目前,外沙浅滩仍显现不稳定状态。这些结论可为闽江口拦门沙整治规划提供科学依据。     

渤海油田的开发与5000t原油船的设计论证

本文简要地介绍了渤海油田的开发现状和环境条件的特点，详细地论述了５０００ｔ原油船概念设计中所做的工作，以及在型线设计、总体布置、船体结构、舾装和机电设备等诸方面所取得的结果。     

利用油藏地质地球化学特征综合划分含油气系统

含油气系统的划分和范围的确定关系到油气勘探的方向和有利区带的选择,油源对比是含油气系统划分的关键.在缺乏成熟烃源岩样品的情况下,须结合油气藏的地质特征和演化历史,才能科学地划分含油气系统.据中非Muglad盆地Nugara坳陷同-构造上两个油田的地质分析和原油地球化学分析,把坳陷划分为两个独立的含油气系统,不同油田属于不同的系统.这一思路可为今后复杂构造演化区和裂谷盆地含油气系统研究提供借鉴.     

A pattern recognition approach to evaluation of soil liquefaction potential using piezocone data

A pattern recognition approach to liquefacation evaluation is propoesed. The state of any soil layer at a level ground site subject to seismic loads is represented by a pattern in a seven-dimensional feature space and can be classified into one of three classes: liquefiable cohesive soil, and non-liquefiable cohesionless soil. The liquefaction potential of the soil layer can be assessed according to the probabilities of the pattern belonging to the three classes. Training patterns derived from field data (piezocone (CPTU) data and maximum ground acceleration) from sites which liquefied or did not liquefy during earthquakes in New Zealand are randomly chosen to design a pattern recognition system to provide an optimal estimation of the liquefaction potential of any soil stratum of interest. Two recognition systems have been set up to estimate the state-conditional probability density function. One is based on a Parzen window approach in which no knowledge of the probabilistic structure of the training patterns is assumed; the other is based on a parameter estimation approach assuming a multivariate normal distribution. The error rate of recognition by the Parzen window approach is 6·9% when taking the window size as 1·5, and the error rate by the parameter estimation approach, which can be easily, is 7·7%. implemented without reference to our training patterns     

TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA*

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D) trajectory method for three cases of duststorms in the terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17-20 April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.The dust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker and the dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity is considered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particles and the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric surfaces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The difference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.     

海岸基/平台基海洋自动监测系统功能特性

本文论述了海岸基／平台基海洋环境自动监测系统主要技术指标，功能特性，系统组成，考核目标，国外研究动态，研制中解决的关键技术问题和技术创新，技术成果水平评价，课题试验情况。