天津地区三次低涡暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用地面实况资料及NCEP再分析资料(1°×1°),选取2016年、2010年及2011年发生在天津市的3次强降水天气过程,分析其天气形势及水汽条件,并应用湿位涡理论对3次暴雨天气进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:3次暴雨过程均发生在典型的东高西低的环流形势下,低空低涡是主要的影响系统之一。低涡的动力结构及水汽条件的差异对应不同的降水强度。正涡度区强度越强、维持时间越长,降水强度越大。2016年过程水汽通量散度明显强于另两次过程的,与其降水强度相匹配。湿位涡的时空演变可以很好地描述天津地区暴雨的发生发展。天津上空MPV_1负值区标志着不稳定能量的急剧增加,MPV_1负值区出现在降水发生前3 h至6 h,提前预示了天津地区暴雨天气的发生。MPV_1正值区对应强降水的区域。过程降水前MPV_2绝对值的激增,表明大气的斜压性增强,有利于气旋性涡度发展。MPV_2绝对值的激增基本同步于降水的发生。     

Extracting damages caused by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from SAR remote sensing data

Bad weather conditions usually limit the acquisition of optical remote sensing images, while all day and all weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows the ability of providing timely remote sensing data for emergency response and rescue works after earthquake. Because SAR is sensitive to the surface changes caused by earthquake, the modified electromagnetic behaviour by geological disasters and the collapse of buildings can be recorded in SAR images as backscattering intensity changes. Absolute radiometric calibration was performed to SAR products to derive backscattering coefficient sigma nought from image digital number (DN). Based on change detection methods, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data and TerraSAR-X data acquired for the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake were used to extract earthquake damage information. This study revealed that landslides showed stronger backscattering and barrier lakes showed lower backscattering in post-earthquake 10 m ALOS PALSAR images comparing to pre-earthquake, and collapsed buildings showed lower backscattering compared to un-collapsed buildings in 1 m TerraSAR-X image. Results showed that SAR data with different spatial resolutions are useful for different earthquake damage information extraction: medium spatial resolution SAR data, e.g. 10 m ALOS PALSAR data, were efficient for secondary geological disaster extraction; high-resolution SAR data, e.g. 1 m TerraSAR-X data, with the help of ancillary GIS data or high-resolution optical data, could be used to extract building collapse information in urban areas. This study indicates that SAR remote sensing data can provide earthquake damage information at early emergency stage and assist the field surveying, further damage assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction.     

The simulation of snowmelt runoff in the ungauged Kaidu River Basin of TianShan Mountains,China

Snowmelt runoff is an important source of water resources in the arid mountain area. Modelling snowmelt runoff for cold regions remains a problematic aspect because of the lack of data by gauges in large basins. In order to overcome the shortage of measured data in the snowmelt runoff modelling, the temperature interpolation method would greatly help in improving the simulation accuracy and describing the snow-hydrological behaviours of the study catchments. In this study, the temperature is the principal variable used to estimate the importance of the melting of snow cover using the snowmelt runoff model. Five different temperature interpolation attempts were performed over the Kaidu River Basin for the snowmelt season of the year 2000. Three temperature inputs were taken directly from the individual weather stations in or near the study area, and the other two temperature inputs were interpolated from the three weather stations. The results indicated that the temperature estimated from different methods could result in quite a difference in runoffs in comparison with the observed ones. The simulation results using average temperature from the three stations showed good results; the simulation run with the weighted average temperature generated a lower R ² than the average temperature of three stations and using temperature directly adopted from three individual stations gave various results. The weather stations used to perform the snowmelt runoff simulation should be located in the place which is most representative of the mountain weather conditions, and the land cover and topography that those stations represented also play an important role in the snowmelt runoff simulation.     

南半球降水对南极海冰涛动异常的响应

运用NCAR/CAM3全球大气环流模式,结合气候学诊断方法,分析了南极海冰涛动异常对南半球降水的影响,并对可能的作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,南半球中纬度降水对海冰涛动异常的响应较为显著,且异常响应的空间分布与海冰涛动类似,分别在南美洲大陆以东大西洋和以西太平洋的广阔海域上存在两个正负值中心。 数值模拟结果显示,海冰涛动异常可以通过改变地表热通量,影响对流层中层大气,进而驱动费莱尔环流的上升支,加强或减弱费莱尔环流的强度,最终对南半球中纬度地区的降水分布产生影响。在阿蒙森/别林斯高晋海外围海冰异常偏少的海域,向上的热通量增加,局地加热会使得费莱尔环流的上升支异常偏强,费莱尔环流的经向输送增强,对应其在中低纬的下沉支也偏强,局地下沉气流异常偏强则会抑制降水的生成,导致降水异常偏少。在威德尔海外围海冰异常偏多的海域,经向环流和降水的响应几乎相反,但因受西南极半岛和南美洲陆面作用的影响,对应经度带费莱尔环流对海冰异常的响应较弱。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律探讨

通过对某奶牛场泌乳牛群隐性乳房炎的调查和分析 ,研究了奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律。结果表明 ,该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率为 31.4 2 %、乳区临诊阳性率达到 10 .6 0 % ;隐性乳房炎的发生随着胎次和泌乳时间的增加而增加 ;左乳区阳性率高于右侧 ,前乳区高于后乳区。在牛群(场 )里进行经常性的临床和实验室检验是必要的。     

大型人工湖气候效应观测研究——以密云水库为例

应用近5 a自动气象站观测资料,分析了华北地区最大人工湖——密云水库的局地气候效应。结果表明：① 密云水库库区相比于附近平原地带具有气温偏低、湿度偏高、风速偏弱、降水量偏大等特点。水库对区域气候的影响范围约在10 km内,离水库越近的地方,受影响越大。② 密云水库的气候效应主要体现在夏半年,尤以气温和降水最为明显。③ 水库南、北两侧受到的局地环流的影响具有明显的差异,库区东西方向的年平均局地风速约为0.14 m/s,南北方向约为 0.10 m/s。下垫面属性的热力差异及特殊地形条件使得密云水库附近同时存在山谷风和湖陆风现象,其叠加效应是导致区域内不同位置间气象要素出现季节性及日变化差异的主要原因。