城市气象研究国际前沿动态综述

通过梳理2018年8月在美国纽约举行的第十届城市气候国际会议主要研究成果,分类汇总了城市气象研究的最新国际进展与发展趋势,包括城市气候过程、城市环境下气候变化适应与应对、气候条件下城市规划和管理、最新城市气象探测技术、城市环境数值模拟、大城市气候、城市遥感、城市地区极端天气等方面。在此基础上,根据我国城市化发展特性,探讨了我国城市气象研究的未来发展方向。     

Comparative study of flash flood in ungauged watershed with special emphasizing on rough set theory for handling the missing hydrological values

Natural Hazards - Prediction of the flash floods in ungauged or poorly gauging watershed is one of the challenging tasks in the field of hydrology and needs implication of advanced techniques to...     

波致海底缓倾角无限坡滑动稳定性计算分析探讨

波浪作用下海底无限坡滑动稳定性计算的极限平衡法中,忽略了坡体水平向应力状态的影响,为此,针对波浪作用下海底缓倾角无限边坡的特点,提出直接基于滑动面处土体应力状态的滑动稳定性计算方法(简称应力状态法),并分析了其适用范围。对具体算例的分析表明,应力状态法计算得出的安全系数大于极限平衡法的安全系数,且随着滑动面深度的增加、土体泊松比以及边坡坡角的增大,两种计算方法得出的安全系数的差异会逐渐增大;对于波浪作用下的海底缓倾角无限边坡,在失稳时极可能沿具有一定厚度的滑动带而不是单一的滑动面而滑动,且波致最大剪应力所在的深度,常常不是斜坡体最易失稳滑移的深度。     

基于格网的全国尺度地震灾害损失预测系统设计与实现

空间格网数据相比于矢量数据具有运算速度快、处理简单的特点,适合地震灾害损失震前预测或震后快速评估。但地震损失评估涉及地震危险性及人口、房屋建筑及其地震易损性等不同类型数据在全国范围内的千米格网分布,数据量大,数据变化时形成新的格网数据的工作量较大,使用常规震害预测算法会影响评估效率。依据地震损失评估原理,采取前置确定性损失评估策略和算法优化,结合GIS功能设计并编程实现了具有风险评估相关数据千米格网化处理、地震损失预测与震后快速评估等核心功能的软件系统。利用该系统进行了2016～2025年中国大陆千米格网地震损失预测,结果表明评估效率显著提高,该系统为我国新一代地震重点监视防御区的确定提供了实用化的震害损失预测工具,同时,在地震损失快速评估中亦得到较好应用。     

基于机载LiDAR数据的建筑物震害识别特征参数研究

地震导致的建筑物破坏是人员伤亡和经济损失的主要因素,房屋破坏程度调查是灾害损失评估的重要依据。国内外多次地震应急遥感应用实践证明,高分辨率卫星和航空遥感已成为灾害监测的重要手段。激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR)是一种新兴的主动遥感技术,可快速获取高精度地面高程信息,能够监测地震造成的地表变形、滑坡、堰塞湖等地震次生灾害和地表破裂以及道路、建筑物等的损坏。     

Examining the impacts of urbanization on surface radiation using Landsat imagery

Metropolitan Beijing is facing many environmental problems such as haze and urban heat island due to the rapid urbanization. Surface shortwave, longwave, and net radiations are key components of the surface-atmosphere radiation budget. Since megacities are affected by the thermal radiation of complex landscape structures and atmospheric environments, quantitative and spatially explicit retrieval from remotely sensed data remains a challenge. We collected the surface radiation fluxes from seven fixed sites representing different land-use types to calibrate the local parameters for remotely sensed retrieval of net radiation. We proposed a remote sensing–based surface radiation retrieval method by embedding the underlying land covers and integrating the observational data. The improved method is feasible to accurately retrieve surface radiation and delineate spatial characteristics in metropolitan areas. The accuracy evaluation indicated that the difference between remotely sensed and in situ observed net radiation ranged within 0~± 40 W· m^?2. The root mean squared error of the estimated net surface radiation was 32.71 W· m^?2. The strongly spatial heterogeneity of surface radiation components in metropolitan Beijing was closely related to land-cover patterns from urban area to outskirts. We also found that the surface net radiation had a decreasing trend from 1984 to 2014, and the net radiation in the urban area was lower than that in the outskirts. According to the surface radiation budgets, urbanization resulted in the cooling effect in net radiation flux in the daytime, which was stemmed from low atmospheric transmittances from massive aerosol concentration and high surface albedo from light building materials.     

Portable adaptive optics for exoplanet imaging

The portable adaptive optics(PAO) device is a low-cost and compact system,designed for 4-meter class telescopes that have no adaptive optics(AO) system,because of the physical space limitation at the Nasmyth or Cassegrain focus and the historically high cost of conventional AO.The initial scientific observations of the PAO are focused on the direct imaging of exoplanets and sub-stellar companions.This paper discusses the concept of PAO and the associated high-contrast imaging performance in our recent observational runs.PAO deliver a Strehl ratio better than 60% in H band under median seeing conditions of 1 ".Combined with our dedicated image rotation and subtraction(IRS) technique and the optimized IRS(O-IRS) algorithm,the averaged contrast ratio for a 5 ≤V_(mag)≤9 primary star is 1.3×10~(-5) and3.3×10~(-6) at angular distance of 0.36" with exposure time of 7 minutes and 2 hours,respectively.PAO has successfully revealed the known exoplanet of κ And b in our recent observation with the 3.5-meter ARC telescope at Apache Point Observatory.We have performed the associated astrometry and photometry analysis of the recovered κ And b planet,which gives a projected separation of 0.98 "±0.05",a position angle of 51.1°±0.5° and a mass of 10.15_(-1.255) ~(+2.19) M_(Jup).These results demonstrate that PAO can be used for direct imaging of exoplanets with medium-sized telescopes.     

Measurements of nighttime nitrate radical concentrations in the atmosphere by long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy

The long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy(LP-DOAS)technique was developed to mea- sure nighttime atmospheric nitrate radical(NO_3)concentrations.An optimized retrieval method,resulting in a small residual structure and low detection limits,was developed to retrieve NO_3.The time series of the NO_3 concentration were collected from 17 to 24 March,2006,where a nighttime average value of 15.8 ppt was observed.The interfering factors and errors are also discussed.These results indicate that the DOAS technique provides an essential tool for the quantification of NO_3 concentration and in the study of its effects upon nighttime chemistry.