Erosion effects on soil properties of the unique red soil hilly region of the economic development zone in southern China

Erosion can have a significant impact on soil properties in areas characterized by undulating topography. The spatial trends of soil properties and the availability of soil nutrients change with land use conversion. Most studies on these changes in China, however, focus on the natural or agricultural ecosystems. Little attention has been paid to unique changes, such as the conversion of natural or agricultural land to economic development zones. To this end, it has been determined that the properties of the surface soil in an economic development zone with unique topography characterized by large mounds of earth and stones in the red soil hilly region in China. The aim of this study is to characterize the overall level and spatial patterns of the concentrations of topsoil selected soil properties, including pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, soil moisture, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (N), soil phosphorus (P), and soil potassium (K). Results show that the mean pH and CEC of soils is as low as 5.35 and 6.47?cmol?kg^?1, and the mean value of soil moisture is 0.30?g?g^?1, and the mean level of bulk density is 1.45?g?cm^?3. SOC and total P are as low as 5.89 and 0.35?g?kg^?1, while total N and total K have a high level of 8.44 and 25.2?g?kg^?1. The mean level of alkali-hydrolyzable N, Olsen P, and available K is 54.33, 6.35, and 120.33?mg?kg^?1, respectively, all at intermediate or low levels according to the Second National Soil Survey. All selected soil properties and nutrients have overall similar spatial patterns with the highest value on the lower slope positions except for alkali-hydrolyzable N. The results are most likely governed by the native properties of red soil, zonal climate, agricultural history for all the soils, and different degrees of soil erosion, and the probable impact of human activity like construction among different slope positions. Results indicate that (1) topography influences soil properties, as evidenced by the different spatial trends of the soil nutrients, and (2) human activity, especially construction, affects the soil properties of economic development zones. This study aims to provide valuable insights for the evaluation of soil quality as a prerequisite for land use planning in economic development zones.     

渤海浮游病毒的时空分布

利用流式细胞仪对渤海浮游病毒的丰度分布进行了研究。结果表明, 浮游病毒丰度在6.40 ×105—3.59 × 107个/mL之间。辽东湾断面, 浮游病毒丰度春季在西部海域较高, 夏季在中部海域较高, 秋、冬季在东、西部海域均较高; 渤海湾断面, 4 季丰度均在中部海域出现高值区; 莱州湾断面, 夏、秋、冬季均在东部海域出现丰度高值区; 渤海海峡断面, 春、秋、冬季于海峡中部海域丰度较高。垂直分布上, 表层和底层水体浮游病毒丰度在夏季差异性显著, 在其它季节无显著差异。夏季浮游病 毒丰度显著高于其它季节。夏季, 连续站浮游病毒丰度昼夜波动幅度较大, 冬季较平缓。相关性分析表明, 浮游病毒丰度在春、夏、秋季均与温度显著正相关; 夏季与异养细菌丰度、微微型真核浮游植物丰度显著正相关; 秋季与微微型浮游植物丰度显著正相关; 冬季仅与异养细菌丰度显著正相关。     

Design of a hydraulic power take-off system for the wave energy device with an inverse pendulum

This paper describes a dual-stroke acting hydraulic power take-off （PTO） system employed in the wave energy converter （WEC） with an inverse pendulum. The hydraulic PTO converts slow irregular reciprocating wave motions to relatively smooth, fast rotation of an electrical generator. The design of the hydraulic PTO system and its control are critical to maximize the generated power. A time domain simulation study and the laboratory experiment of the full-scale beach test are presented. The results of the simulation and laboratory experiments including their comparison at full-scale are also presented, which have validated the rationality of the design and the reliability of some key components of the prototype of the WEC with an inverse pendulum with the dual-stroke acting hydraulic PTO system.     

The Sediment Source and Transport Trends around the Abandoned Yellow River Delta,China

Sediment source and transport trends are influenced by various hydrodynamic factors, and thus play important roles in sedimentary evolution and coastal stability. To examine sediment transport trends around the abandoned Yellow River delta promontory and its erosion mechanism, we employ empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to study sedimentary characteristics and transport trends of the abandoned Yellow River delta in northern Jiangsu Province, China. The results showed that: (1) the main sediment source in the abandoned Yellow River delta is the submarine coastal slope and both sides of the abandoned Yellow River Delta; (2) the main hydrodynamics controlling sediment transport is the current that runs along the shore, coupled with waves, especially southward currents; (3) the sediment of the study area was redistributed under hydrodynamics; coarse sediments were eroded and broadly transported to the south. Therefore, it is concluded that the sediment sources and transport have important influence on coastal evolution: the sediment source area shows mass loss of deposits and erosion; deposits in the submarine coastal slope provide the source and were continuously eroded to provide materials to other places as a sediment source.     

一种新的海洋风场反演中风向模糊排除方法研究

本文给出了一种从ＳＡＳＳ测量的后向散射强度手数据中反演出大尺度海洋风场的新方法。计算结果与Ｐｅｔｅｈｅｒｙｃｈ等利用ＳＡＳＳ表面风分析的结果比较在风向上是吻合的，在风速上本文所得结果更宇海面赵实风速。上述结果说明本文所采用的多解排除对两波束散射计探测海面风场的反演是成功的。     

Detection of large color variation in the potentially hazardousasteroid （297274） 1996 SK

Low-inclination near-earth asteroid(NEA)(297274) 1996 SK,which is also classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid,has a highly eccentric orbit.It was studied by multi-wavelength photometry within the framework of an NEA color survey at Lulin Observatory.Here,we report the finding of large color variation across the surface of(297274) 1996 SK within one asteroidal rotation period of4.656 ± 0.122 hours and classify it as an S-type asteroid according to its average colors of B- V = 0.767 ± 0.033,V- R = 0.482 ± 0.021,V- I = 0.801 ± 0.025and the corresponding relative reflectance spectrum.These results might be indicative of differential space weathering or compositional inhomogeneity in the surface materials.     

Examining the sensitivity of spatial scale in cellular automata Markov chain simulation of land use change

Understanding the spatial scale sensitivity of cellular automata is crucial for improving the accuracy of land use change simulation. We propose a framework based on a response surface method to comprehensively explore spatial scale sensitivity of the cellular automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model, and present a hybrid evaluation model for expressing simulation accuracy that merges the strengths of the Kappa coefficient and of Contagion index. Three Landsat-Thematic Mapper remote sensing images of Wuhan in 1987, 1996, and 2005 were used to extract land use information. The results demonstrate that the spatial scale sensitivity of the CA-Markov model resulting from individual components and their combinations are both worthy of attention. The utility of our proposed hybrid evaluation model and response surface method to investigate the sensitivity has proven to be more accurate than the single Kappa coefficient method and more efficient than traditional methods. The findings also show that the CA-Markov model is more sensitive to neighborhood size than to cell size or neighborhood type considering individual component effects. Particularly, the bilateral and trilateral interactions between neighborhood and cell size result in a more remarkable scale effect than that of a single cell size.     

Numerical Simulation of the Vortex-Induced Vibration of A Curved Flexible Riser in Shear Flow

A series of fully three-dimensional(3 D) numerical simulations of flow past a free-to-oscillate curved flexible riser in shear flow were conducted at Reynolds number of 185–1015. The numerical results obtained by the two-way fluid–structure interaction(FSI) simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the earlier study. It is further found that the frequency transition is out of phase not only in the inline(IL) and crossflow(CF) directions but also along the span direction. The mode competition leads to the non-zero nodes of the rootmean-square(RMS) amplitude and the relatively chaotic trajectories. The fluid–structure interaction is to some extent reflected by the transverse velocity of the ambient fluid, which reaches the maximum value when the riser reaches the equilibrium position. Moreover, the local maximum transverse velocities occur at the peak CF amplitudes, and the values are relatively large when the vibration is in the resonance regions. The 3 D vortex columns are shed nearly parallel to the axis of the curved flexible riser. As the local Reynolds number increases from 0 at the bottom of the riser to the maximum value at the top, the wake undergoes a transition from a two-dimensional structure to a 3 D one. More irregular small-scale vortices appeared at the wake region of the riser, undergoing large amplitude responses.     

贵州岑巩区块下寒武统变马冲组黑色页岩沉积地球化学特征及其沉积环境意义

基于钻井岩心资料,对贵州岑巩区块下寒武统变马冲组黑色页岩取心段进行系统采样、主微量元素测试及沉积地球化学分析。研究结果表明：1）古盐度判别指标Sr/Ba及Rb/K分布显示,下寒武统变马冲组黑色页岩沉积时期属局限海背景下的半（微）咸水—淡水相沉积,变马冲组一段—三段古盐度垂向变化不大;Sr丰度与碳酸盐矿物含量之间具明显的响应关系;2）古氧相指标V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th比值及δU值分布表明变马冲组黑色页岩沉积为氧化为主、间或贫氧的环境,V/（V+Ni）比值判别偏于还原环境;3）古气候判别参数“C”、Sr/Cu及SiO2/Al2O3比值表明该套页岩沉积期主体属温湿气候,利于有机质形成;4）古水深及离岸远近判别参数Rb/Zr、Sr/Ba比值分布显示水体较浅、离岸较近的沉积特征,结合物源及沉积构造背景指征参数分析,变马冲组黑色页岩属大陆边缘离岸较近、水体较浅的陆源碎屑沉积。此研究认识揭示了岑巩区块下寒武统沉积环境的演化,进而为该套黑色页岩的有机质富集机理及页岩气选区评价提供一定的地质依据。