鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组砂岩储层岩石学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组是该地区的主要产油层,素以“低孔低渗”而闻名。根据岩心观察、薄片鉴定、粒度分析和扫描电镜、阴极发光和X 衍射等分析化验对该地区延长组储层的岩石学特征及其变化规律进行了深入研究。研究表明,陇东地区延长组砂岩储层岩石类型主要为细中粒岩屑质长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩;成分成熟度较低;总体上从西部耿湾-环县向东至合水-塔儿湾,砂岩成分成熟度逐渐增高;下部的长8-长10及上部长1-长4+5较粗,为中细粒砂岩,中部长6、长7较细,多为粉-细砂岩。砂岩岩屑含量高、类型丰富,发育泥岩、白云岩等沉积岩岩屑,喷发岩、花岗岩等岩浆岩岩屑及板岩、千枚岩、片岩等变质岩岩屑,其中长8-长10以喷发岩岩屑为主,含量东西差异小,长1-长7以白云岩岩屑为主,含量西高东低;变质岩岩屑各层段都存在;云母在东部含量较高。按岩屑对成岩作用的影响分为刚性和塑性两大类,其中刚性可再细分为易溶与难溶两类,塑性可细分为易压实变形及易蚀变两类。此项研究成果对于分析延长期的盆地演化、物源类型及储层后期成岩作用及孔隙演化具有重要意义。     

初始地应力场分析方法的研究

岩体初始地应力场是地震预测和岩体工程设计的重要依据之一,根据实测地应力资料,采取一定的数值分析方法,反演出整个计算区的初始地应力场。本文综述了国内外地应力场的研究现状,介绍并分类归纳了几种典型的地应力场研究方法,并对每个方法的适用范围进行了评价,对以后地应力研究的发展方向提出了建议。     

新疆博州地区气候生长季降水变化分析

摘 要：对新疆博州（博尔塔拉蒙古自治州）地区1958-2005年作物生长季降水资料的分析结果表明：博州地区作物生长季降水量存在显著增加趋势,特别是20世纪90年代以来降水偏多年略多于偏少年;降水存在5～7 a、16 a 和30 a 左右的周期变化;90年代以来,由于博河上游地区5月份降水偏少,而且博河中游地区第一场"透雨"日期又快速推后以及透雨次数减少等原因,造成河谷一带春夏干旱尤为突出;而在6-8月份,博河上游地区降水量与大雨日数的显著增加却极易诱发山区洪灾;秋季月降水量的普遍增加对作物的采收晾晒不利,但是山区秋季降水的增加有利于秋水转为春用。     

基站差分系统在公路地籍测量中的应用研究

RTK测量具有实时性好、精度高、速度快等优点,是常规测量所无法比拟的,RTK已经作为快速采集数据与定位的有效工具,但在山区线路测量中仍受到许多限制,尤其是无线电传输距离的限制。详细介绍了基站GPS差分系统的特点,并在实际工程应用中对其精度和有效距离进行了探讨。     

辐照条件下绿柱石通道中顺磁配合物的ESR行为

四川平武贫铁富碱型无色绿柱石通道中主要存在碱氢化物（NaH)、[Fe2(OH)4]^2 多聚合离子及OH自由基，在电子辐照作用下，通道中顺磁配合物的结构、带电性质及化学键易发生转型、裂解和变价，并形成自旋浓度不等的[H^0]i心（裂距为500G,g值分别为2．175，1．8774的二重超精细结构线）、[Fe^3 ]OH(g=2.0031)和[Fe4^3 ]s(g=4.3172)等辐照损伤心。[Fe^3 ]OH心属一种有效的电子陷阱，其热稳定性大于[Fe4^3 ]s心。绿柱石杂质铁离子的占位方式，与成矿物理、化学条件及成矿流体的pH值密切相关。由电子辐照作用而导致杂质离子价态的转变，属一种可逆的动态平衡过程。     

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结。将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区。建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位。实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破。罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考。鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备。     

世界盐湖卤水型锂矿特征、分布规律与成矿动力模型

卤水锂矿在世界探明的锂矿总资源量中占比达65%,由于其易于开采,成本较低,其锂盐产品占总锂盐产品的75%左右。世界卤水锂矿主要产于现代盐湖,这些盐湖分布于世界三大高原:中国青藏高原、南美西部安第斯高原和北美西部高原,形成了三大盐湖卤水锂成矿区。中国青藏高原盐湖主要包括西藏中北部和柴达木盆地盐湖,卤水锂(LiCl)资源量为2330万t;南美西部安第斯高原盐湖,涵盖玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷盐湖,锂(Li₂O)资源量为2300万t;北美西部高原盐湖卤水锂矿(Li₂O)资源量为550万t。同时,中国华南地区在中生代晚期可能也是高原环境,高原地貌孕育了大量盐湖,并形成了一些富锂卤水矿。这些高原的形成与隆升都起因于板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞:南美安第斯高原和北美西部高原是太平洋板块向美洲板块俯冲-增生造山形成的,中国青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲-陆陆碰撞形成的,而中国华南古高原则可能与古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲作用有关。板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞作用,一方面形成高原地貌,挡住了来自大洋的水汽,从而导致高原内部降水减少,形成干旱气候,引发强烈蒸发作用;洋壳俯冲至上地幔之...     

基于MODIS热红外数据的渤海海冰厚度反演

Level ice thickness distribution pattern in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2009–2010 was investigated in this paper using MODIS night-time thermal infrared imagery.The cloud cover in the imagery was masked out manually.Level ice thickness was calculated using MODIS ice surface temperature and an ice surface heat balance equation.Weather forcing data was from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analyses.The retrieved ice thickness agreed reasonable well with in situ observations from two off-shore oil platforms.The overall bias and the root mean square error of the MODIS ice thickness are –1.4 cm and 3.9 cm,respectively.The MODIS results under cold conditions(air temperature –10°C) also agree with the estimated ice growth from Lebedev and Zubov models.The MODIS ice thickness is sensitive to the changes of the sea ice and air temperature,in particular when the sea ice is relatively thin.It is less sensitive to the wind speed.Our method is feasible for the Bohai Sea operational ice thickness analyses during cold freezing seasons.     

多样地表和大气状况下的MODIS数据云检测

云覆盖作为天气和气候变化的一个重要因子,对地表-大气能量平衡和水循环有着重要的影响,因此,快速、准确地利用卫星遥感技术检测云覆盖具有重要的实用价值和科学意义。利用卫星遥感数据,尤其是常用的Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)影像数据,因其具有较高的光谱和时间分辨率,以及2330 km扫描幅宽,为大范围实时、准确地进行云检测提供了可能。目前,基于MODIS数据发展了大量的云检测方法,但因地表类型的多样性和大气状况(如空气污染和沙尘事件等)的复杂性,目前已有的云检测方法,检测精度通常具有较大的不确定性,且针对不同地表和大气状况缺乏普适性,同时也缺乏对检测精度的定量化评估。因此,本文首先比较了常用的3种云检测算法,并基于前人经验提出了两种改进方法(方法4和方法5),首先区分出云和冰雹,摒弃了不稳定的亮温波段,两种算法均适用于复杂地表和大气状况的云检测算法。结果显示,方法5可以较好地应用于基于MODIS数据的云检测,总体精度达92.6±7%,改进了现有基于MODIS数据的云检测算法;方法4平均总体精度82.9±13%,虽然精度相对较低,但云残留少,适合作为对云敏感度高的研究工作的云检测方法。     

A prototype experiment of debris flow control with energy dissipation structures

Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m³. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million m³ of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion, the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams. Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams. Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m³. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris flows.