爆炸当量估算的初步研究

爆炸当量是评估爆炸能量的重要参数,快速估算爆炸当量对于有效开展应急救援工作至关重要。收集攀枝花铁矿爆破、宁夏煤矿爆破、河南汝阳钼矿爆破等矿山爆破资料,得到爆破的地方性震级M_L与爆炸当量Y之间的经验关系,并据此估算2019年7月19日河南省三门峡市气化厂爆炸事故的爆炸当量为16 t左右。     

台州市临海东矶岛市级海洋公园管理研究

临海东矶岛海洋公园是浙江省台州市首个市级海洋公园,其建设和发展将丰富台州市乃至浙江省的海洋保护区和自然保护地管理体系。文章详细介绍该海洋公园的选划概况、生态和资源特点以及功能分区,针对建设中存在的主要问题,提出相应的管理对策,以期为保护当地海岛和海洋生态系统、科学合理开发海洋资源以及促进海洋经济可持续发展提供科学依据。     

岩石初始宏观变形模拟及微裂纹闭合应力确定方法

为了建立能够反映岩石初始宏观变形模拟方法以及微裂纹闭合应力确定新方法,首先,针对岩石及其内部微裂纹的受力变形特点,将岩石视为由岩石基质和微裂纹两部分组成,并以此建立了岩石与其组成成分之间的变形分析模型,并由材料变形力学分析角度分别建立了岩石基质和微裂纹的受力变形分析方法,从而建立了岩石初始宏观本构模型并给出了模型参数的确定方法;然后,针对现有微裂纹闭合应力确定方法存在的缺陷与不足,提出了基于本文模型的微裂纹闭合应力确定新方法;最后,基于本文模型探讨了围压对岩石初始宏观变形非线性上凹程度的影响,从理论上阐述了围压效应即围压与岩石初始宏观变形非线性上凹程度成负相关。研究结果表明,本文模型不仅能够很好地模拟岩石启裂前变形全过程,还能够阐述岩石与其组成成分之间的变形关系;微裂纹闭合应力确定新方法既满足微裂纹闭合应力的理论意义又能够避免人为因素的干扰,并具有易操作性的特点,表明了本文模型与方法的合理性与可行性。     

歧口凹陷新生界火成岩油藏特征及分布规律

歧口凹陷新生界发育了两类与火成岩相关的油藏：基性火山岩油藏和浅成侵入相辉绿岩蚀变带油藏,两者都为构造-岩性油藏。这两类油藏区域上受岩浆活动带控制,主要集中于NE向和EW向断裂转换带,并受烃源岩分布范围的影响而紧邻烃源岩分布;垂向上受区域盖层控制,集中于沙一中亚段和东三段。在转换带沙一中亚段和东三段内,火成岩能否富集成藏主要取决于储集系统的类型。开放式储集系统一方面利于流体替换使火成岩储集空间中的矿化水被及时排出减少次生矿物的形成,从而保护储集空间;另一方面利于富含有机酸流体进入火成岩储集体,通过溶蚀先期形成的杏仁体、裂缝充填物及火成岩中不稳定的矿物组分,使其储集空间扩大、容积增加,使火成岩的储集性能得以改善;另外,火成岩中的断裂通过与烃源岩的沟通为烃类注入富集成藏提供了必要的输导通道,致使这类储集系统能够富集烃类成藏。封闭式储集系统缺少这些条件,岩浆期后热液流体与成岩流体被包裹在火成岩储集空间内不能被排出,易形成次生矿物充填并堵塞这些空间,丧失其储集性能。部分未被充填的空间往往相互之间难以连通,并与生排烃地层隔绝而成为烃类难以注入的死孔隙,从而使这类储集系统难以聚集成藏。     

水介质对水下目标体磁场的影响

根据扬子江航道上一系列磁测及验证结果,指出在不同介质中的相似磁性物体所引起的磁场强度会产生一定的变化,实例说明：这一现象可能对磁法勘查带来的影响.文章没有对不同介质中磁性体磁场的变化机制进行讨论.     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震地表同震位移分布特征

沿长约 4 2 6km的 2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西MS8 1地震地表破裂带共获得 2 91个点的地表同震水平左旋位移数据 ,并在其中 1 1 1个点获得了垂直位移数据。该地震总体以左旋水平位移为主 ,兼具一定的垂直位移。最大地表左旋水平位移值可达 6 4m ,平均水平位移约为 2 7m ,绝大多数测点的垂直位移均 <1m。地表水平位移沿主破裂带走向位移梯度变化于 1 0 - 1～ 1 0 - 4之间 ,这一起伏变化可能起因于野外测量误差、沿主破裂带岩性或松散沉积物厚度的变化、地表破裂带几何结构的不均匀性、地表破裂走向的变化、不同破裂段在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震之前的地震中滑动量的起伏变化 ,以及大量非脆性变形、次级破裂的存在等。水平位移沿主破裂带的长波长 (数十公里至数百公里 )起伏变化较有规律 ,在布喀达坂峰以东表现为分别以 5个水平位移峰值为中心而有规律地起伏变化。这5个位移峰值分别对应于不同的次级地震地表破裂段。各破裂段水平位移峰值均向阶区或拐点逐渐衰减 ,不同地表破裂段位移峰值向两侧衰减的速率是不同的 ,这种位移梯度的不对称分布可能指示了地震破裂的扩展方向。上述位移分布特征真实地反映了地表可见脆     

Incorporating uncertainty into the estimation of biological reference points for a spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) fishery

The status of a fishery is often defined as the probability of fishing mortality rate exceeding a perilous level for long‐term sustainability. Lobster stock assessments are often subject to large uncertainty in input data and high levels of natural variability in lobster life history processes, which calls for incorporating uncertainty associated with both indicator and management reference points in an evaluation of biological risk of overfishing. Using a Monte Carlo simulation approach, we evaluated the impacts of uncertainty in modelling on the determination of the status of the Taitung spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) fishery (Taiwan), which has not been quantitatively determined despite its commercial importance. The commonly used biological reference points derived from the per recruit model (F _0.1 the fishing mortality rate where the slope of the curve of yield‐per‐recruit model is 10% of the maximum slope and F _4Q%, the fishing mortality rate that reduces the expected egg production for a cohort of female lobsters to 40% of that produced in the absence of a fishery of the egg‐per‐recruit model) were influenced by uncertainties associated with lobster life history and fishery parameters. A large uncertainty in the current fishing mortality rate (F _cnr) and estimates of biological reference points (F _BRPs) increased the uncertainty in determining the risk of overexploitation throughout the confidence levels of the stochastic decision‐making framework. This simulation study suggests that the target reference point of F _40% is less sensitive to the input parameters’ uncertainty than F _0.1 We suggest a further evaluation of other F‐based references points and development of biomass‐based reference points before final selection and implementation for the management of the Taitung lobster fishery.     

天水井下地电阻率资料应用研究

本文简要介绍了天水井下地电阻率观测系统场地布设及观测方式,对井下多种方式观测资料进行了对比研究,并结合芦山MS7.0、岷县MS6.6级地震进行了分析。结果表明:深层水平地电阻率在2次地震发生前,均出现了明显的短临异常,其他观测方式短临异常不是特别显著;同时对降水、雷电以及观测系统故障干扰影响深层地电阻率观测做了分析与讨论。与传统地电阻率观测相比,采用井下观测系统能减少干扰、提高信噪比,能缓解地电观测与经济建设的矛盾,是地电观测方式的新探索。     

Spatiotemporal variation and driving forces of reference evapotranspiration in Jing River Basin,northwest China

Evapotranspiration is an important component of the hydrological cycle, which integrates atmospheric demands and surface conditions. Research on spatial and temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) enables understanding of climate change and its effects on hydrological processes and water resources. In this study, ET_o was estimated by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith method in the Jing River Basin in China, based on daily data from 37 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2005. ET_o trends were detected by the Mann–Kendall test in annual, seasonal, and monthly timescales. Sensitivity coefficients were used to examine the contribution of important meteorological variables to ET_o. The influence of agricultural activities, especially irrigation on ET_o was also analyzed. We found that ET_o showed a decreasing trend in most of the basin in all seasons, except for autumn, which showed an increasing trend. Mean maximum temperature was generally the most sensitive parameter for ET_o, followed by relative humidity, solar radiation, mean minimum temperature, and wind speed. Wind speed was the most dominant factor for the declining trend in ET_o. The more significant decrease in ET_o for agricultural and irrigation stations was mainly because of the more significant decrease in wind speed and sunshine hours, a mitigation in climate warming, and more significant increase in relative humidity compared with natural stations and non‐irrigation stations. Changes in ET_o and the sensitivity coefficient of meteorological variables in relation to ET_o were also affected by topography. Better understanding of ET_o response to climate change will enable efficient use of agricultural production and water resources, which could improve the ecological environment in Jing River Basin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Air flow calculation of reverse circulation drilling technique with air DTH hammer

Air DTH hammer has been successfully applied in minor-caliber solid mineral exploration,water-well drilling and other drilling areas.In order to expand the applications of the technology,the authors further studied the principle and analyzed the mechanism of reverse circulation drilling technique with air DTH hammer to get the perfect assembles of equipments by optimizing working parameters.No parameter seemed more important than the air volume because it could maintain the working performance stability.The minimum air volume is related to the parameters such as depth and pressure,which was calculated under the actual conditions.It was solved for the air injection flow tables of the air DTH Hammer working at the different pressures.According to the data tables,operators could adjust the air volume to meet the demand on this technique,which had a realistic guiding significance.So it could build up a set of systematic and complete hi-technique.