一种黄土区土壤侵蚀强度遥感调查新方法

通过对TM图像的线性纹理提取和密度统计,首先获得了黄土丘陵区沟谷密度图,然后由沟谷密度反演区域土壤侵蚀强度。这种方法避开了影响土壤侵蚀量的诸多复杂因子。可直接从水土流失的外在表现---沟谷密度来反推土壤侵蚀强度。研究结果证明,这种方法对快速调查大范围黄土丘陵区的土壤侵蚀强度是十分有效的。     

Early cretaceous subduction-related adakite-like rocks of the Gangdese Belt,southern Tibet: Products of slab melting and subsequent melt–peridotite interaction?

The limited geochronology and geochemistry data available for the Early Cretaceous igneous rocks of the southern Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet, has resulted in the proposal of conflicting geodynamic models for the generation of the widespread Cretaceous igneous rocks in the middle and northern parts of the belt. To explore this issue, we present SHRIMP U–Pb zircon data and geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic data for the Mamen andesites from the southern margin of the Gangdese Belt. The Mamen andesites, emplaced at 136.5 Ma, are sodic (Na₂O/K₂O = 1.2–2.3) and have geochemical characteristics typical of adakites (i.e., high Al₂O₃, high La/Yb ratios and Sr contents, low Y and HREE contents, and positive Eu anomalies), except for high Cr, Ni, and MgO contents. The andesites have initial (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t ratios of 0.70413–0.70513, positive εNd(t) values of 3.7–5.8, and (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_t ratios of 18.37–18.51, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_t ratios of 15.59–15.65, and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_t ratios of 38.43–38.72. In situ Hf isotopic analyses of zircons that had previously been dated by SHRIMP yielded positive initial εHf(t) values ranging from +11.0 to +15.5. A model calculation using trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data indicates that several percent of subducted sediment is required to generate the Mamen andesites, which were derived via the partial melting of subducted Neo-Tethyan slab (MORB + sediment + fluid) and subsequently hybridized by peridotite in the mantle wedge. Our data indicate that the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust was subducted northward beneath the Gangdese Belt during the Early Cretaceous at a high angle. Our results are inconsistent with a tectonic model that advocates the low-angle or flat-slab subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust in generating the widespread Cretaceous magmatism recorded in the Gangdese Belt.     

Failure mechanism and kinematics of the deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo landslide,Maoxian, Sichuan,China

At 5:38 am on the 24th June, 2017, a catastrophic rock avalanche destroyed the whole village of Xinmo, in Maoxian County, Sichuan Province, China. About 4.3 million m³ of rock detached from the crest of the mountain, gained momentum along a steep hillslope, entrained a large amount of pre-existing deposits, and hit the village at a velocity of 250 km/h. The impact produced a seismic shaking of ML = 2.3 magnitude. The sliding mass dammed the Songping gully with an accumulation body of 13 million m³. The avalanche buried 64 houses; 10 people were killed and 73 were reported missing. The event raised great concerns both in China and worldwide. Extensive field investigation, satellite remote sensing, UAV aerial photography, and seismic analysis allowed to identify the main kinematic features, the dynamic process, and the triggering mechanism of the event. With the aid of ground-based synthetic aperture radar monitoring, the hazard deriving from potential further instabilities in the source area has been assessed. The preliminary results suggest that the landslide was triggered by the failure of a rock mass, which had been already weakened by the M_s 7.5 Diexi earthquake in 1933. Several major earthquakes since then, and the long-term effect of gravity and rainfall, contributed to the mass failure. The high elevation, slope angle, and vegetation cover in the source area hinder geological field investigation and make hazard assessment difficult. Nonetheless, monitoring and prevention of similar collapses in mountainous areas must be carried out to protect human lives and infrastructures. To this aim, the integrated use of modern high-precision observation technologies is strongly encouraged.     

A fractional order creep constitutive model of warm frozen silt

A series of triaxial creep tests were conducted on warm frozen silts extracted from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau at temperature of ?1.5 °C under confining pressures of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 MPa, respectively. The applied test stress levels were 30, 50, 60, and 70% of triaxial shear strength, respectively. The test results indicate that the creep strain increases with the increase in applied stress level and there is a stress threshold, based on which the test results can be classified into two types of creep strain curves. The creep strain curve only includes primary and secondary creep stages when the stress level is less than the threshold value. When the stress level exceeds the threshold value, the creep strain velocity gradually increases and the specimen quickly fails in tertiary creep stage. Based on the creep test results, a fractional order rheological element model is established for warm frozen silt, which is also generalized from uniaxial stress state to the three-dimensional stress state. From the analysis on the features of the stress threshold, a creep strength criterion is also proposed simultaneously. Comparing the calculated results of the warm frozen silt with the tested ones, it is found that the predicted results of the proposed model are in good agreement with the test results. In the proposed fractional order model, the relationship between the damage factor and time is established to describe the damage degree of the specimen. Compared with the existing creep constitutive model of frozen soil, the proposed fractional order model has advantages of fewer model parameters, higher simulation precision and wider applicability in analyzing the mechanical properties of warm frozen silt.     

Construction and characterization of Gal-chitosan graft methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (Gal-CS-mPEG) nanoparticles as efficient gene carrier

In the present study, galactosylated chitosan (Gal-CS) was conjugated with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) as a hydrophilic group. The structure of Gal-CS-mPEG polymer was characterized and the nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using ironic gelation method. The study was designed to investigate the characteristics and functions of Gal-CS-mPEG NPs. The morphology of Gal-CS-mPEG NPs was observed by SEM and it was a compact and spherical shape. The size of the NPs was approximately 200 nm in diameter under the ideal process parameters. The interaction between Gal-CS-mPEG NPs and pDNA, and the protection of pDNA against DNase I and serum degradation by Gal-CS-mPEG NPs were evaluated. Agarose gel electrophoresis results showed that Gal-CS-mPEG NPs had strong interaction with pDNA at the weight ratio of 12:1, 4:1 and 2:1 and could protect pDNA from DNase I and serum degradation. Gal-CS-mPEG NPs exhibited high loading efficiency and sustainable in vitro release. The blood compatibility studies demonstrated that Gal-CS-mPEG NPs had superior compatibility with erythrocytes in terms of aggregation degree and hemolysis level. Gal-CS-mPEG NPs showed no cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which is a normal mouse connective tissue fibroblast, but showed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Bel-7402 cells, which is a liver cancer cell line. In conclusion, Gal-CS-mPEG NP is a bio-safe and efficient gene carrier with potential application in gene delivery.     

深部地热资源开采对浅层地下水的影响分析

为了获取北京市西集地区深部地热资源和浅部含水层间是否存在水力联系,选取研究区内的两眼地热井(西集-1井和京通-2井)进行抽水试验,并同时选取两眼地热井周边的14眼凉水井进行水位监测。试验结果表明,在对两眼地热井进行抽水试验时,周边14眼凉水井的水位未发生明显降低,暗示了深部地热水与浅部含水层并不存在水力联系。区内发育了巨厚的古近系和新近系,其岩性以泥岩和粉-细砂岩为主,是有效的隔水层,隔绝了深部地热水与浅部第四系凉水的水力联系。     

基于IBIS-L的某黄土高填方边坡支护结构变形特征

直立式填方支护在建筑、机场、公路、铁路、矿山等大型基础设施建设项目中的作用不可或缺,但黄土地区边坡支护结构易出现桩基沉降、桩体弯曲、桩板墙开裂的现象。为进一步定量分析其变形特征,采用地形微变监测仪（IBIS-L）进行全天候不间断监测,通过对采集的点面数据进行研究,结果表明：1）支护结构变形总体上具有明显的区域性差异,近15 d的最大变形量为26.6 mm;2）对象监测点位移呈间隔24 h"波浪形"增长规律,且无收敛趋势,极可能导致边坡整体失稳;3）结合温度监测,以监测点Pix8为例,理论计算结果与监测数据相吻合,揭示了s-t曲线呈"波浪形"增长的原因,得出大体积混凝土在大气温度场条件下的变形具有"滞后效应"的响应特征。     

Do subsidies improve the financial performance of renewable energy companies? Evidence from China

Natural Hazards - The promotion of renewable energy cannot be separated from the support provided by government subsidies. However, the effect of government subsidies is controversial. Taking...     

基于ZY3 DEM和SRTM DEM的北京平原区地貌特征探析

研究区主要包括北京东部的通州、平谷、顺义、燕郊、大厂和三河,位于华北沉降带北部、阴山东西向构造带南缘。该区地势总体上西北略高,东南略低,为大型缓倾斜平原,地形不仅受本区内北东向断裂的影响,还受北西向断裂的影响。资源三号卫星立体影像(ZY3)DEM和NASA航天飞机雷达地形任务(SRTM)DEM在北京地区地貌特征研究中显示出了许多优于其他DEM的优势。文章利用包括水系偏转、河长坡降指标(SL)、面积-高程积分值(HI)、等值线分级色彩显示和地形粗糙度等几种地形参数,分析了地形特征与断层构造活动性的关系。水系的右旋偏转证实了该区北东向断裂的右旋走滑活动,如夏垫断裂和其他相邻断裂。SL指数表明,河床纵剖面在横跨断层处均是陡坡;HI的高值主要集中在南口-孙河断裂与该区其他北东向断裂的交汇处,夏垫断裂的中段,以及香河县西北部,反映了该区强烈的构造活动,同时也反映出可能存在隐伏断层。另外,研究表明,面积、高程积分值的高值区与低值区相邻衔接处,往往是地震危险性较大的地方。此外,平原区相同值域的面积-高程积分所反映的构造活动强度应该与山区不同,因此地貌演化阶段划分标准也应与山区有所不同。等值线分级色彩显示对地形变化非常敏感,当与已识别的断层重叠时,大部分地形突变的地方都与断层活动有关。地形粗糙度分析显示不同断裂带的地形粗糙度与断裂活动强度呈正相关关系。     

中山市崩塌、滑坡地质灾害发育规律分析

随着社会经济的发展,人类工程活动日趋强烈,中山市崩塌、滑坡地质灾害呈加剧趋势。根据中山市1:50000地质灾害详细调查数据,结合中山市环境地质特征,对中山市崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的发育规律进行了分析。统计分析表明,4~9月是汛期雨季,是中山市崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的高发季节。崩塌、滑坡地质灾害多发生在坡高10~30m的斜坡带上,均分布于山体坡脚,临近居民区及建筑物,与人类工程活动密切相关。本地区崩塌、滑坡地质灾害具有突发性强、规模小、危害性大等特征,为中山市今后崩塌、滑坡地质灾害防治工作提供基础依据。