基于BLOC86程序的新疆地区震源深度定位软件

介绍基于BLOC86程序的新疆地区震源深度定位软件的原理、主要功能模块和使用效果.利用该软件定位新疆测震台网地震,计算结果稳定性较好,与震中烈度结果有较好的对应关系,有效弥补了大震应急工作对震源深度参数的需求.     

Geobiological processes of the formation of lacustrine source rock in Paleogene

Gypsum-salt rocks and coccolith calcareous shale are widely deposited in the lower part of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag,Shandong Province.The gypsum-salt rock is believed to be formed during the earlier deposition in salt lake,while the overlying coccolith shale in saline lake with relatively low salinity.By comparing the lake environment and lacustrine microbial communities between ancient and recent lakes,cyanobacteria are regarded as the main representative of productivity during the formation of gypsum-salt strata series,with the annual productivity of 1500-2000 gC m-2 yr-1.Based on the research of ultramicrofossils in the calcareous shale,coccolith is considered as the main contributor to the productivity during the formation of calcareous shale.On the basis of statistic data of sedimentary rates,shale laminations,and coccolith fossils in each lamination,the quantitative value of productivity is calculated,with the annual productivity of 2250-3810gC m-2 yr-1(averagely 3120 gC m-2 yr-1).Statistic data of large amount of pyrite framboids indicate that the lower water column was persistently in sulfidic or anoxic conditions during the deposition of gypsum-salt strata series,but it changed to be dysoxic when the coccolith calcareous shale was deposited.Both of these water conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic matter.It is estimated that the organic carbon burial efficiency of the Lower Paleogene salt lakes and saline lakes of Dongying Depression is about 10%-15%,which is calculated and analyzed using the multi-parameter geobiological model.     

Upper mantle anisotropy and crust-mantle deformation pattern beneath the Chinese mainland

Over the past 10 years,the number of broadband seismic stations in China has increased significantly.The broadband seismic records contain information about shear-wave splitting which plays an important role in revealing the upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland.Based on teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded in the seismic stations,we used the analytical method of minimum transverse energy to determine the fast wave polarization direction and delay time of shear-wave splitting.We also collected results of shear-wave splitting in China and the surrounding regions from previously published papers.From the combined dataset we formed a shear-wave splitting dataset containing 1020 parameter pairs.These splitting parameters reveal the complexity of the upper mantle anisotropy image.Our statistical analysis indicates stronger upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland,with an average shear-wave time delay of 0.95 s;the anisotropy in the western region is slightly larger(1.01 s)than in the eastern region(0.92 s).On a larger scale,the SKS splitting and surface deformation data in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan region jointly support the lithospheric deformation mode,i.e.the crust-lithospheric mantle coherent deformation.In eastern China,the average fast-wave direction is approximately parallel to the direction of the absolute plate motion;thus,the upper mantle anisotropy can be attributed to the asthenospheric flow.The area from the Ordos block to the Sichuan Basin in central China is the transition zone of deformation modes between the east and the west regions,where the anisotropy images are more complicated,exhibiting"fossil"anisotropy and/or two-layer anisotropy.The collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is the main factor of upper mantle anisotropy in the western region of the Chinese mainland,while the upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.     

Effects of salinity on anatomical features and physiology of a semi-mangrove plant Myoporum bontioides

The effect of different concentrations of NaCl, 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM, on the anatomical features and physiology of Myoporum bontioides was investigated. The photosynthetic rates (Pn) were significantly reduced by salt stress, with the lowest values at 400 mM NaCl. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and soluble sugar, as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased at the beginning, but became similar to the control as the experiment proceeded. The NaCl effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) was different from the other parameters, with a significant reduction at 400 mM NaCl at Day 7. Salt glands were found in both upper and lower epidermis, and the ratios of the thickness of palisade to spongy mesophyll tissues increased with NaCl concentrations. The medullary ray was clearly damaged by NaCl at levels of 200 and 300 mM. These results demonstrated that M. bontioides could adapt to a relatively low salinity, and was not a halophilous species.     

Long-term differences in annual litter production between alien (Sonneratia apetala) and native (Kandelia obovata) mangrove species in Futian,Shenzhen, China

Annual litter production in alien (Sonneratia apetala) and native (Kandelia obovata) mangrove forests in Shenzhen, China were compared from 1999 to 2010. S. apetala had significantly higher litter production than K. obovata, with mean annual total litter of 18.1 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 15.2 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. The higher litter production in S. apetala forest indicates higher productivity and consequently more nutrient supply to the estuarine ecosystems but may be more invasive due to positive plant-soil feedbacks and nutrient availability to this alien species. Two peaks were recorded in S. apetala (May and October), while only one peak was observed in K. obovata, in early spring (March and April). Leaf and reproductive materials were the main contributors to litter production (>80%) in both forests. These results suggest that the ecological function of S. apetala and its invasive potential can be better understood based on a long-term litter fall analysis.     

Isotopic Characterization of Radioiodine and Radioxenon in Releases from Underground Nuclear Explosions with Various Degrees of Fractionation

Both radioxenon and radioiodine are possible indicators for a nuclear explosion. Therefore, they will be, together with other relevant radionuclides, globally monitored by the International Monitoring System in order to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies the temporal development of radioxenon and radioiodine activities with two different assumptions on fractionation during the release from an underground test. In the first case, only the noble gases are released, in the second case, radioiodine is released as well while the precursors remain underground. For the second case, the simulated curves of activity ratios are compared to prompt and delayed atmospheric radioactivity releases from underground nuclear tests at Nevada as a function of the time of atmospheric air sampling for concentration measurements of ¹³⁵I, ¹³³I and ¹³¹I. In addition, the effect of both fractionation cases on the isotopic activity ratios is shown in the four-isotope-plot (with ¹³⁵Xe, ^133mXe, ¹³³Xe and ^131mXe) that can be utilized for distinguishing nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases.     

Excitation of Chandler Wobble by Pacific,Indian and Atlantic Oceans from 1980 to 2005

In addition to the atmosphere, the oceans play important roles in the excitation of the Chandler wobble. The contributions made by the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean from 1980 to 2005 to the excitation of the Chandler wobble are first and systematically researched by taking advantage of the data of the current velocity field and ocean floor pressure provided by the marine circulation model of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO). Studies show that the contributions of the three oceans to the excitation of the Chandler wobble are different from one another: the excitation energy of the Pacific Ocean makes up about 22.2% of the observational excitation energy, the largest one among the three oceans, that of the Indian Ocean accounts for about 12.7% and that of the Atlantic Ocean amounts to about 7.1%, the smallest among the three great oceans. The remarkable increase in the excitation energy of the Chandler wobble by the Pacific Ocean may be possibly due to the effect of the strong ENSO event which occurred from 1982 to 1983.     

常德市2002年5月13日大暴雨成因解析

用多普勒天气雷达产品、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图产品、实时探测资料及MM5数值模拟,对2002年发生在湖南常德境内的"5.13"大暴雨进行解析,得出此次暴雨过程由高空低槽、中低层切变及西南急流、地面倒槽和弱冷空气共同影响产生,急流形成、发展与减弱对降水强度有直接的影响.暴雨中心与云图上的"U"形缺口区、多普勒基本速度场上的中低层急流轴线位置有较好的对应关系.多普勒基本速度场上急流强弱振荡出现的时间、低层暖平流之上(高层)出现冷平流的时间、低层气旋式涡旋流场的形成与维持以及低层垂直风切变强度变化对强降水发生的时间有明显的指示作用.数值模拟证实雷达探测到的中尺度涡旋、急流及辐合带是正确的.这些结论对暴雨临近预报业务具有明确的参考价值.     

GRAPES全球格点模式的并行计算负载平衡策略

随着高性能计算机技术的发展和应用,并行计算已成为保证数值天气预报模式业务运行时效的关键技术之一.目前高性能计算机计算能力已达到每秒千万亿次浮点计算.系统中处理器数量也早已达十万甚至更多,如此巨大的计算资源对应用软件系统的设计也提出了挑战.数值天气预报软件系统要充分利用高性能计算机提供的计算资源,必须依靠并行计算方法,这包括适合计算问题的可扩展并行算法的设计、合适的数据分配方案以及良好的任务负载平衡方案.作为中国新一代数值天气预报格点模式,GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System)设计的最终目标是一个科研/业务通用,区域/全球通用模式.作为一个格点模式,GRAPES的并行计算具有与欧洲中期数值顶报研究中心谱模式并行计算不同的特点,GRAPES的并行计算采用了经典的水平网格数据划分.但对于全球的GRAPES模式,由于采用拉格朗日差分方案,模式极地及附近区域格点与格点之间距离的减小.使得模式并行计算在采用简单的经纬网格划分方式实现时,必须考虑极地区域并行计算跨越多个处理器时导致的频繁通讯解决途径.本研究提出了利用消息传递组通讯实现全球格点模式并行计算的一种方法,其核心思想是将极点附近一定区域内的处理器按纬向划归不同的处理器组.文中还给出了该实现方法的任务分配算法,提出了改进的任务分配负载平衡方案.在中国气象局高性能计算机IBM-cluster1600上的测试表明,算法具有较好的可扩展性,其负载平衡方案改善了计算的绝对墙钟时间,使并行计算效率提高10%以上.模式的准业务运行结果表明计算墙钟时间基本可以满足数值预报业务的实时性要求.     

桂南地区春季三连栋塑料大棚小气候特征分析

通过对桂南地区春季三连栋塑料大棚内外的光、温、湿特征进行观测分析,结果表明:棚内透光率很低,仅为40%～48%,多云天气相对最高,阴天最低,棚内透光率低对降低地温影响明显,使晴天及多云天气在温度较高的10～16时前后地温出现"温度逆转"现象,最大降幅超过7℃,但对气温影响不明显;棚内日平均气温增温0.9～2.1℃,晴天最大,阴天最小;棚内各土层平均增温值随土深而增大,20cm处增温最大,达3.0～4.4℃,但晴天与多云天气棚内地表0cm出现负增温,晴天高达2.4℃,多云天为0.2℃,10～16时最大降幅达6～12℃;多云天与阴天日平均相对湿度棚内均高于棚外4%～6%,晴天无差异,但增湿效果在各时次分布极不均匀.文章还通过数理分析,建立了棚内外150cm光照与气温相关方程.