Five‐Year Soil Respiration Reflected Soil Quality Evolution in Different Forest and Grassland Vegetation Types in the Eastern Loess Plateau of China

Soil CO₂ efflux in forest and grassland over 5 years from 2005 to 2009 in a semiarid mountain area of the Loess plateau, China, was measured. The aim was to compare the soil respiration and its annual and inter‐annual responses to the changes in soil temperature and soil water content between the two vegetation types for observing soil quality evolution. The differences among the five study years were the annual precipitation (320.1, 370.5, 508.8, 341.6, and 567.4 mm in 2005–2009, respectively) and annual distribution. The results showed that the seasonal change of soil respiration in both vegetation types was similar and controlled by soil temperature and soil water content. The mean soil respiration across 5 years in the forest (3.78 ± 2.68 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1) was less than that in the grassland (4.04 ± 3.06 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1), and the difference was significant. The drought soil in summer depressed soil respiration substantially. The Q₁₀ value across 5‐year measurements was 2.89 and 2.94 for forest and grassland. When soil water content was between wilting point (WP) and field capacity (FC), the Q₁₀ in both types increased with increasing soil water content, and when soil water content dropped to below WP, soil respiration and the Q₁₀ decreased substantially. Although an exponential model was well fitted to predict the annual mean soil respiration for each single year data, it overestimated and underestimated soil respiration, respectively, in drought conditions and after rain for short periods of time during the year. The two‐variable models including temperature and water content variables could be well used to predict soil respiration for both types in all weather conditions. The models proposed are useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in the eastern part of Loess plateau in response to climate change.     

跨座式单轨交通沿线雷电活动规律与易闪性分析

采用线路走廊法,利用重庆市2006～2008年ADTD地闪监测资料,通过对重庆市跨座式单轨交通2号线的雷电活动规律(闪电次数、雷电日、地闪密度、雷电流幅值分布和闪电落区分布)统计分析,进行了相应的易闪性分析.结果发现跨座式单轨交通2号线临江门至佛图关车站区间段是发生临界危险雷电流概率、雷击大地年平均密度较大和雷电落区距离各站点及区间平均距离较小的重叠区域,该线易受雷击,是雷电防护重点区域.该区间段处于沿江位置,地形较为陡峭,易导致局地强对流性天气,理论分析与实际情况一致.     

人为热释放:全球分布的估算及其气候效应的探索

人类生产和生活中大量消费各种形式的能源,除了向大气里排放温室气体和气溶胶外,还释放大量热量。人为热释放伴随着人类社会发展而长期存在,随着全球人口增长和经济发展,其影响效应不断加剧。人为热释放具有典型地域集中、不均匀分布的特征:虽然全球平均人为热释放通量仅约为0.03 W m-2,在人口密集的城市地区,人为热释放可高达每平方米数百瓦,足以影响局地气候。伴随全球经济的发展,人口的增长及城市化进程的加剧,人为热释放分布更集中,影响气候的范围逐步扩大,其对气候的影响能力逐步增强。全球气候模式的结果表明:人为热释放能够对全球大气环流产生影响,进而影响到全球气候变化。人为热释放可以导致全球地表温度增温约0.06 K,500 hPa温度场平均升温约0.04 K,尤其对北半球中高纬度升温效应明显。研究结果表明,人为热释放虽然没有温室气体如二氧化碳等影响因子对全球气候的影响那么显著,但是其仍然能够对全球气候产生影响,是全球气候变化不可忽视的影响因子。     

模拟雷电流冲击金属材料的金相组织分析

金相组织分析是雷电灾害鉴定的重要方法之一.通过模拟雷电流冲击的不同金属材料试验,并对其冲击材料进行金相组织分析,重点从材料微观结构变化研究雷电流对金属材料的影响.结果表明:模拟雷电流冲击后的金属材料其金相组织结构发生明显变化(缺陷增多);不同金属材料冲击后内部金相组织结构变化有明显差异;相同材质的金属材料冲击后,其金相组织结构变化幅度与其截面积大小成反比.     

Study on evolutionary characteristics of toppling deformation of reverse-dip layered rock slope based on surface displacement monitoring data

In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of reverse-dip slope toppling is conducted by taking the Xiaodongcao slope as an example. First, a spatial partitioning analysis of toppling deformation is performed based on the field reconnaissance and interpretation of engineering geological data. Then, the variations of toppling deformation in time domain are analyzed for different areas of the slope with monitored data of surface displacement. Finally, the isochrones of toppling displacement evolution are constructed by using inverse distance weighted interpolation of surface monitoring data at discrete locations. The results presented in the study have shown that: (1) the displacement at the rear of the slope is dominated by vertical deformation, whereas the horizontal deformation is predominant at the slope front which also controls the overall deformation of the bank slope; (2) the overall evolution of slope deformation is dominated by the strip area at the center of the slope. In particular, the overall deformation of the slope lags behind the central region, and the displacement in this strip area could trigger an overall displacement of the bank slope. It is thus inferred that the stripe area serves as the locked segment for the toppling deformation of the slope.     

冰川零平衡线处的物质平衡及其应用

论证了在稳定状态时的冰川平衡线即零平衡线ＥＬＡ０）处的比净平衡大致等于整个冰川的平均净平衡。提出了ＥＬＡ０的直接测定方法、误差范围以及利用冰川中值高度计算ＥＬＡ０的公式。认为可以利用ＥＬＡ０的特征简化冰川物质平衡的观测及计算，以及利用冰川编目资料大面积估算冰川物质平衡状况的可能性。     

贝类浮筏养殖区内、外浮游植物生态特征研究

１９９６ 年 ６ 月 ２９ 日～１０ 月 ２２ 日对大连市金州区大李家湾贝类养殖筏区及近岸海域进行了调查,对养殖区内、外浮游植物的种类组成和数量分布等生态特征进行了分析。研究结果表明：同一时期养殖区内、外浮游植物的生态特性略有差异,浮游植物的优势种及优势度无明显差别,随季节变化其种类组成有显著改变;筏区内浮游植物的数量略少于筏区外,且高峰期的出现较筏区外滞后 １ 个月;浮游植物平均量的平面分布显示离岸越远其数量逐渐上升。     

玉龙喀什河源区32年来冰川变化遥感监测

根据航空相片、地形图、遥感影像数据分析了玉龙喀什河源区的冰川变化,结果表明,1970~2001年本区冰川总体上以稳定冰川的数量占多数,但由于部分冰川的退缩使得整个研究区的冰川表现为萎缩的趋势。1970~1989年冰川规模有扩大的趋势,冰川面积、储量分别增加了1.4 km²、0.4781 km³,约占1970年研究区相应总量的0.12%、0.19%;而1989~2001年的冰川面积、储量分别比1970年减少了0.5%、0.4%,是西北干旱区冰川面积变化幅度最小的区域。分析认为该区域1970~1989年冰川扩大可能与该地区的冰川对20世纪60年代末温度降低、降水量增加有10~20年滞后响应有关;1989~2001年冰川退缩,主要受温度快速上升影响,而丰富的降水对冰川退缩起到缓冲的作用。     

浮游动物在贝类筏式养殖区内、外生态特征研究

１９９６年６～１０月对大李家湾贝类筏式养殖区内、外浮游动物进行了生态调查研究。结果表明,浮游动物种类组成以小型挠足类为主。浮游动物数量在养殖区内、外具有相同的分布趋势,７月最高,９月次之,１０月最低。浮游动物在养殖区外的数量明显高于养殖区内,前者是后者的１．６～２．３倍。优势种小拟哲水蚤和鸟喙尖头氵蚤数量分布明显反映出浮游动物数量分布特征,而近缘大眼剑水蚤在养殖区内、外的数量则差异不大。     

陆面温度反演的新进展

指出了利用多通道数据反演陆面温度所存在的问题,在说明非同温混合像元热辐射方向性规律的基础上,对利用多角度数据进行陆面组分温度反演进行了可行性分析。