以颗粒物理原理认识汶川MW 7.9地震发生前临震预滑和震颤现象

发生在孕震区周边地块上的临震预滑和震颤现象,对破坏性地震预测有一定前兆意义,是值得地震学界关注的问题。选取2008年5月12日汶川M_W 7.9地震发生前,临夏和湟源地震台分量应变仪记录与临夏、恩施和西安地震台数字地震仪记录以及临夏和周至地震台深井水位仪记录,分析发现,在临震前数天至数小时,上述各地震台不同学科观测仪器均记录到一些"跃变"和"震颤"震相。文中试图以颗粒物理原理,来认识不同距离、不同台站、不同学科的观测仪器在临震前相近时间段内记录的低频和高频震相,可能是不同地块在临震前发生预滑错动后激发的预滑震相Xp和地下气体在裂隙内流动激发的震颤震相Tp。观测结果表明：2008年5月8日03时至主震发生,各地震台所处地块在相近时段内逐次发生次数不等的预滑错动,其中1-2次较大错动可在噪声背景中被识别;各地震台预滑错动方向指向或背向主震震中。据此认为：汶川M_W 7.9地震前,上述各地震台所处地块在不同大小、不同方向的力链驱动下,发生指向或背向主震震中的临震预滑现象。     

近50年黄河上游径流量与气候变化特征研究

根据1956-2010年唐乃亥水文站逐月径流量资料和1961-2009年黄河上游兴海、泽库、玛沁、达日、久治、玛多6个代表站的降水量、气温资料,分析了唐乃亥站径流量与黄河上游地区降水和气温的气候变化特征及其关系.结果表明:春、夏、秋、冬季的径流量分别占年径流量的14.9%、2.9%、34.7%、7.5%;唐乃亥站年和四...     

太阳能热水器雷电防护技术分析

太阳能热水器的雷电防护隐患很大,每年都有不少雷击案例发生。通过调查发现,大多数热水器无雷电防护装置;多安装在屋顶,易招致雷击;安装人员多为非专业人员,缺乏必备的雷电防护知识。对太阳能热水器造成危害的不仅有直击雷,还有感应雷。因此,太阳能热水器的雷电防护,既要采取防直击雷防护措施,也要采取防雷电感应措施。     

大气红外窗区(10.5-11.5μm和11.5-12.5μm)辐射传输的敏感性试验

大气窗区卫星红外遥感的辐射资料可应用于地表温度的确定,但必须考虑大气影响。为此,本文利用辐射传输模式和中纬度及青藏高原模式大气,用数值模拟的方法研究了大气和地表状态(大气温、湿廓线、地表温度与高度)的改变对大气顶红外窗区射出辐射的影响以及射出辐射对发射方向(天顶角)依赖关系。主要结论见正文小结。     

丙溴磷对二种海洋微藻的GPx活性及GSH、CAR含量的影响

实验以三角褐指藻和青岛大扁藻为材料 ,进行了丙溴磷农药对海洋微藻的抗氧化防御系统成份— GPx(glutatione Peroxidase)活性和 GSH(glutathione)、CAR(carotinoid)含量的影响研究 ,结果表明 ,在丙溴磷胁迫下 ,微藻的 GPx活性呈现下降趋势 ,GSH和 CAR含量也表现为下降趋势 ,并且胁迫的时间越长、胁迫的强度越大它们下降的幅度也越大。因此微藻细胞对抗氧化防御系统的能力被削弱 ,从而可能导致活性氧在体内的过量产生与积累 ,进而对藻细胞造成更大的伤害。     

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment, the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant, whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan. With the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert. (3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of the nature reserves, the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige and Selincuo (Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively significant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves, whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow, but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe. This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change. Careful design of the samples used, to ensure comparability between the samples, is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

浙江桐庐晚奥陶世内潮汐沉积

本文论述了在中国首次发现的内潮汐沉积的特征及其形成环境。该内潮汐沉积发现于浙江省桐庐县桐君山地区上奥陶统上部,具有典型的对偶层双向递交层序。据其岩类组合和层序特征,可将其定为韵律性砂泥岩薄互层相。其中发育有特征的脉状、波状和透镜状层理。其沉积特征表明形成于开阔的深水斜坡环境,这种对偶层双向递交层序可能为内潮汐的大潮和小潮周期性变化的结果。     

Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China

This study provides a detailed magnetostratigraphic record of subsidence in the Linxia Basin, documenting a 27 Myr long sedimentary record from the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Deposition in the Linxia Basin began at 29 Ma and continued nearly uninterruptedly until 1.7 Ma. Increasing rates of subsidence between 29 and 6 Ma in the Linxia Basin suggest deposition in the foredeep portion of a flexural basin and constrain the timing of shortening in the northeastern margin of the plateau to Late Oligocene–Late Miocene time. By Late Miocene–Early Pliocene time, a decrease in subsidence rates in the Linxia Basin associated with thrust faulting and a 10° clockwise rotation in the basin indicates that the deformation front of the Tibetan plateau had propagated into the currently deforming region northeast of the plateau.     

阿尔金山两侧盐湖物质来源、成钾作用及其控制因素研究

塔里木盆地东部的罗布泊盐湖和柴达木盆地西部的盐湖分别位于阿尔金山两侧,均产出有大量富钾卤水,在油气藏开采中还伴随产出富钾油田水.为探讨阿尔金山两侧盐类资源富集机制及其控制因素,综合分析了罗布泊盐湖、柴达木盆地西部盐湖以及油田水的水化学和氢氧同位素地球化学特征,发现:富钾卤水的形成除依靠地表汇入水体的蒸发浓缩作用外,罗布...     

S波段多普勒天气雷达非降水气象回波识别

在气象条件为晴空或有云但无降水的情况下,在雷达站附近经常可观测到大面积的非降水气象回波,这些回波对定量估测降水和雷达资料同化效果产生重要影响。为了有效识别这些非降水回波,该文发展了基于模糊逻辑识别和回波分块的非降水气象回波识别算法 (NPMDA)。该文首先利用地面和卫星资料为标准,提出了非降水回波的确定标准,并利用北京SA雷达,对非降水气象回波特性进行了统计分析,得到了隶属函数。在非降水回波识别时首先采用SCIT算法将回波组合成片,然后对整个PPI进行初步的判断。对不能初步判断为降水的PPI,采用模糊逻辑的方法计算成片回波的属性值,依据成片回波的属性值得到片内回波逐点识别时的阈值,从而实现了回波的动态阈值识别。结果表明:对大部分非降水气象回波识别效果较好,对较强降水回波误判较少,弱降水回波有时会出现一定的误判。与NCAR使用的ICADA方法相比,NPMDA方法能明显提高非降水回波的识别率,减少降水回波的误判率。