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991.
岩石水压致裂和诱发地震的实验研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
用7种岩石各制备了几类不同预裂纹的系列试件,并在不同围压下进行水压致裂强度实验。结合典型的水库诱发地震的实际资料和现今构造应力场的实验结果,以及应用岩石强度理论和岩石断裂力学的一些原理、方法,进行岩石孔隙水压诱发地震的探讨。初步结果为:(1)若岩体内构造应力很小,一定大小的孔隙水压力σp,可直接使岩体内的薄弱面致裂并发生小地震。(2)若构造应力较大,存在两类诱发地震的可能:①对岩体浅部一些走向与构造应力的主压应力σ1方向相近的薄弱面,σp可促使其发生张性破裂并诱发小地震。②当构造应力接近于断裂的抗剪强度时,因σp,降低了断裂面上的正应力σn,使原处于稳定状态的断裂失稳,发生滑移破裂并诱发出地震。σp导致断裂的破裂深度增大,使诱发地震的震级大于原潜在的地震震级。(3)各种岩体均存在着一个极限深度,此深度后不再有诱发地震。 相似文献
992.
从怀来4井水化学异常变化分析流体在孕震过程中的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
20世纪60年代,流体在地震孕育与发生过程中的作用就已受到研究者关注。如Evans(1966)发现美国洛基山兵工厂周围地震活动与深井注入废液有关。在我国的地壳流体活动与诱发地震关系的研究方面,也取得了很多成果。针对上地壳流体与地震活动的关系,前人在辽东半岛、东南沿海、红河断裂带、京津地区进行了系统研究。结果表明,地壳热流体活动区的地震活动多,但多为中小地震;而地壳热流体活动弱的地区地震活动数量相对少,但以大震活动为主。近年来,地下流体在孕震过程与构造活动中的作用的研究已有了一些进展。 相似文献
993.
C. Hsein Juang Haiming Yuan David Kun Li Susan Hui Yang Raymond A. Christopher 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(5):403-411
An empirical procedure for estimating the severity of liquefaction-induced ground damage at or near foundations of existing buildings is established. The procedure is based on an examination of 30 case histories from recent earthquakes. The data for these case histories consist of observations of the damage that resulted from liquefaction, and the subsurface soil conditions as revealed by cone penetration tests. These field observations are used to classify these cases into one of three damaging effect categories, ‘no damage’, ‘minor to moderate damage’, and ‘major damage’. The potential for liquefaction-induced ground failure at each site is calculated and expressed as the probability of ground failure. The relationship between the probability of ground failure and the damage class is established, which allows for the evaluation of the severity of liquefaction-induced ground damage at or near foundations. The procedure presented herein represents a significant attempt to address the issue of liquefaction effect. Caution must be exercised, however, when using the proposed model and procedure for estimating liquefaction damage severity, because they are developed based on limited number of case histories. 相似文献
994.
Digital elevation models and topographic pro?les of a beach with intertidal bar and trough (ridge‐and‐runnel) morphology in Merlimont, northern France, were analysed in order to assess patterns of cross‐shore and longshore intertidal bar mobility. The beach exhibited a pronounced dual bar–trough system that showed cross‐shore stationarity. The bars and troughs were, however, characterized by signi?cant longshore advection of sand under the in?uence of suspension by waves and transport by strong tide‐ and wind‐driven longshore currents. Pro?le changes were due in part to the longshore migration of medium‐sized bedforms. The potential for cross‐shore bar migration appears to be mitigated by the large size of the two bars relative to incident wave energy, which is modulated by high vertical tidal excursion rates on this beach due to the large tidal range (mean spring tidal range = 8·3 m). Cross‐shore bar migration is also probably hindered by the well‐entrenched troughs which are maintained by channelled high‐energy intertidal ?ows generated by swash bores and by tidal discharge and drainage. The longshore migration of intertidal bars affecting Merlimont beach is embedded in a regional coastal sand transport pathway involving tidal and wind‐forced northward residual ?ows affecting the rectilinear northern French coast in the eastern English Channel. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
Olivier Planchon Norbert Silvera Raphael Gimenez David Favis‐Mortlock John Wainwright Yves Le Bissonnais Gerard Govers 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(7):833-844
This article introduces the SVG (salt‐velocity gauge), a novel automated technique for measuring flow velocity by means of salt tracing. SVG allows a high measuring rate (up to one every 2 seconds), short control section length (down to 10 cm), high accuracy (+[sol ]?1·5 cm s?1), and unbiased calculation of the mean velocity in experimental conditions with turbulent, supercritical flow. A few cubic centimetres of saturated salt solution (NaCl) are injected into the flow at regular time intervals using a programmable solenoid valve. The tracer successively passes two conductivity probes placed a short distance downstream. The transformation of the signal between the two probes is modelled as a one‐dimensional diffusion wave equation. Model calibration gives an estimation of the mean velocity and the diffusion for each salt plume. Two implementations of the SVG technique are described. The first was an outdoors simulated rainfall experiment in Senegal (conductivity probes at 40 cm apart, 8 Hz measurement rate, salt injections at 10 second intervals). Mean velocity was estimated to range between 0·1 and 0·3 m s?1. The second was a laboratory‐based flume experiment (conductivity probes at 10 cm apart, 32 Hz, salt injections at 2 second intervals). Another SVG with probes at 34 cm apart was used for comparison. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was also used to give an independent assessment of velocity. Using the 10 cm salt gauge, estimated mean velocity ranged from 0·6 to 0·9 m s?1 with a standard deviation of 1·5 cm s?1. Comparisons between ADV, 10 cm SVG and 34 cm SVG were consistent and demonstrated that the salt‐tracing results were unbiased and independent of distance between probes. Most peaks were modelled with r2 > 90 per cent. The SVG technology offers an alternative to the dye‐tracing technique, which has been severely criticized in the literature because of the wide interval of recommended values for the correction factor α to be applied to the timings. This article demonstrates that a fixed value of α is inappropriate, since the correction factor varies with velocity, diffusion and the length of the control section. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
997.
论城市应急避险场所建设 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
做好减灾工作,加强应急避险场所建设是一项重要的任务,是落实以人为本,构建和谐社会的具体体现之一。1城市应急避险场所的性质笔者认为,城市避险场所的定义为:城市应急避险场所是为城市或城镇受到各种灾害侵袭而暂时离开居所的人群临时提供的、利用各种空旷场地和大型馆所预先设立的躲避灾难、居留和生活的公共场所。各种灾害包括自然灾害、事故灾难、突发公共卫生灾害、突发社会安全事件等。受助人群包括当地居民以及受灾当地的外来人群。避险场所提供的是临时性的居留场所,其基本服务是政府免费提供的,一旦灾难结束或受灾家园得到重建,停… 相似文献
998.
999.
论述了张北MS6.2、沈阳ML4.1、内蒙古ML5.9、日本北海道MS8.0、俄蒙中交界MS7.9、青海昆仑山MS8.1地震前后,锦州地震台体积式钻孔应变仪观测震前异常的变化规律。通过计算潮汐因子、振幅因子、3点线性平滑滤波残差值等方法,识别异常。结果表明,体应变异常资料与地震有一定的相关性。 相似文献
1000.
关于数字化记录中前兆信号的分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
王亮 《地震地磁观测与研究》2005,(Z1)
介绍了如何用MATLAB工具软件—小波分析的基本理论对数字信号进行数字滤波,着重分析和研究了呼和浩特地震台形变观测资料出现各种信号,提出了小波分析理论对台站实际工作的重要性。 相似文献