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81.
A sequence of satellite images of near-surface phytoplankton pigment concentrations and sea surface temperature together with concurrent surface measurements are used to study an upwelling event during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment off northern California. These data sets show a high degree of temporal and spatial variability during this episode. Recurrent patterns in this variability give insight into the dynamics of coastal upwelling and its effects on biological distributions. Simple models of coastal upwelling cannot explain the observed phenomena in the CODE region. Satellite estimates of phytoplankton growth rates were about 0.8 day−1 near persistent upwelling centers. 相似文献
82.
In the current study, we quantified changes in the growth and alkaloid content of wild poppy, (Papaver setigerum) as a function of recent and projected changes in global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, [CO2]. The experimental [CO2] values (300, 400, 500 and 600μmol mol?1) correspond roughly to the concentrations that existed during the middle of the twentieth century, the current concentration, and near and long-term projections for the current century (2050 and 2090), respectively. Additional carbon dioxide resulted in significant increases in leaf area and above ground biomass for P. setigerum at all [CO2] relative to the 300μmol mol?1 baseline. Reproductively, increasing [CO2] from 300 to 600μmol mol?1 increased the number of capsules, capsule weight and latex production by 3.6, 3.0 and 3.7×, respectively, on a per plant basis. Quantification of secondary compounds (i.e. those not involved in primary metabolism) included the alkaloids morphine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine. The amount of all alkaloids increased significantly on a per plant basis, with the greatest relative increase occurring with recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (e.g. from 300 to 400μmol mol?1). Overall, these data suggest that as atmospheric [CO2] continues to increase, significant effects on the production of secondary plant compounds of pharmacological interest (i.e. opiates) could be expected. 相似文献
83.
Stephen R. Lewis Peter L. Read Barney J. Conrath John C. Pearl Michael D. Smith 《Icarus》2007,192(2):327-347
The Thermal Emission Spectrometer aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has produced an extensive atmospheric data set, beginning during aerobraking and continuing throughout the extended scientific mapping phase. Temperature profiles for the atmosphere below about 40 km, surface temperatures and total dust and water ice opacities, can be retrieved from infrared spectra in nadir viewing mode. This paper describes assimilation of nadir retrievals from the spacecraft aerobraking period, LS=190°–260°, northern hemisphere autumn to winter, into a Mars general circulation model. The assimilation scheme is able to combine information from temperature and dust optical depth retrievals, making use of a model forecast containing information from the assimilation of earlier observations, to obtain a global, time-dependent analysis. Given sufficient temperature retrievals, the assimilation procedure indicates errors in the a priori dust distribution assumptions even when lacking dust observations; in this case there are relatively cold regions above the poles compared to a model which assumes a horizontally-uniform dust distribution. One major reason for using assimilation techniques is in order to investigate the transient wave behavior on Mars. Whilst the data from the 2-h spacecraft mapping orbit phase is much more suitable for assimilation, even the longer (45–24 h) period aerobraking orbit data contain useful information about the three-dimensional synoptic-scale martian circulation which the assimilation procedure can reconstruct in a consistent way. Assimilations from the period of the Noachis regional dust storm demonstrate that the combined assimilation of temperature and dust retrievals has a beneficial impact on the atmospheric analysis. 相似文献
84.
Over the last century, afforestation in Ireland has increased from 1% of the land area to 10%, with most plantations on upland drained blanket peatlands. This land use change is considered to have altered the hydrological response and water balance of upland catchments with implications for water resources. Because of the difficulty of observing these long‐term changes in the field, the aim of this study was to utilize a hydrological model to simulate the rainfall runoff processes of an existing pristine blanket peatland and then to simulate the hydrology of the peatland if it were drained and afforested. The hydrological rainfall runoff model (GEOtop) was calibrated and validated for an existing small (76 ha) pristine blanket peatland in the southwest of Ireland for the 2‐year period, 2007–2008. The current hydrological response of the pristine blanket peatland catchment with regard to streamflow and water table (WT) levels was captured well in the simulations. Two land use change scenarios of afforestation were also examined, (A) a young 10‐year‐old and (B) a semi‐mature 15‐year‐old Sitka Spruce forest. Scenario A produced similar streamflow dynamics to the pristine peatland, whereas total annual streamflow from Scenario B was 20% lower. For Scenarios A and B, on an annual average basis, the WT was drawn down by 16 and 20 cm below that observed in the pristine peatland, respectively. The maximum WT draw down in Scenario B was 61 cm and occurred in the summer months, resulting in a significant decrease in summer streamflow. Occasionally in the winter (following rainfall), the WT for Scenario B was just 2 cm lower than the pristine peatland, which when coupled with the drainage networks associated with afforestation led to higher peak streamflows. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
85.
TThe Roper Group is a cyclic, predominantly marine, siliciclastic succession of Calymmian (Early Mesoproterozoic) age. It has a distribution of at least 145 000 km2 and a maximum known thickness of ~5000 m. In the Roper River district the middle part of the Roper Group (~1300 m thick) is characterised by the cyclical alternation of mudstone and sandstone units, and can be divided into six third‐order depositional sequences. A typical sequence is broadly progradational in aspect, and comprises a lower, mudstone‐rich, storm‐dominated shelf succession (up to 330 m thick), and a sequence‐capping unit dominated by tidal‐platform cross‐bedded sandstone (up to 80 m thick); both are interpreted as highstand systems tracts. Transgressive strata are poorly represented but where present are characterised by paralic to fluvial redbed assemblages that include ooidal ironstone. Roper Group sequences lack a distinct condensed section and sequence boundaries are mostly conformable. Erosional contacts separate mud‐rich shelf facies from sequence‐capping sandstones. We infer that these erosion surfaces were generated by episodic flexural tectonism, which also generated the accommodation and sediment supply for Roper sequences. 相似文献
86.
Geraint F. Lewis † Rodrigo A. Ibata 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,337(1):26-33
There is growing evidence that the majority of the energy density of the Universe is not baryonic or dark matter, but rather it resides in an exotic component with negative pressure. The nature of this 'quintessence' influences our view of the Universe, modifying angular diameter and luminosity distances. Here, we examine the influence of a quintessence component upon gravitational lens time-delays. As well as a static quintessence component, an evolving equation of state is also considered. It is found that the equation of state of the quintessence component and its evolution influence the value of the Hubble constant derived from gravitational lenses. However, the differences between evolving and non-evolving cosmologies are relatively small. We undertake a suite of Monte Carlo simulations to examine the potential constraints that can be placed on the universal equation of state from the monitoring of gravitational lens systems, and demonstrate that at least an order of magnitude more lenses than currently known will have to be discovered and analysed to accurately probe any quintessence component. 相似文献
87.
D. A. Robinson A. Binley N. Crook F. D. Day‐Lewis T. P. A. Ferré V. J. S. Grauch R. Knight M. Knoll V. Lakshmi R. Miller J. Nyquist L. Pellerin K. Singha L. Slater 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3604-3635
We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
88.
The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: the bJ -band galaxy luminosity function and survey selection function
Peder Norberg Shaun Cole Carlton M. Baugh Carlos S. Frenk Ivan Baldry Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Matthew Colless Chris Collins Warrick Couch Nicholas J. G. Cross Gavin Dalton Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,336(3):907-931
89.
Peder Norberg Carlton M. Baugh Ed Hawkins Steve Maddox John A. Peacock Shaun Cole Carlos S. Frenk Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Matthew Colless Chris Collins Warrick Couch Gavin Dalton Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Darren Madgwick Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,328(1):64-70
We investigate the dependence of the strength of galaxy clustering on intrinsic luminosity using the Anglo-Australian two degree field galaxy redshift survey (2dFGRS). The 2dFGRS is over an order of magnitude larger than previous redshift surveys used to address this issue. We measure the projected two-point correlation function of galaxies in a series of volume-limited samples. The projected correlation function is free from any distortion of the clustering pattern induced by peculiar motions and is well described by a power law in pair separation over the range . The clustering of galaxies in real space is well-fitted by a correlation length and power-law slope . The clustering amplitude increases slowly with absolute magnitude for galaxies fainter than M *, but rises more strongly at higher luminosities. At low luminosities, our results agree with measurements from the Southern Sky Redshift Survey 2 by Benoist et al. However, we find a weaker dependence of clustering strength on luminosity at the highest luminosities. The correlation function amplitude increases by a factor of 4.0 between and −22.5, and the most luminous galaxies are 3.0 times more strongly clustered than L * galaxies. The power-law slope of the correlation function shows remarkably little variation for samples spanning a factor of 20 in luminosity. Our measurements are in very good agreement with the predictions of the hierarchical galaxy formation models of Benson et al. 相似文献
90.
Ian Lewis Michael Balogh Roberto De Propris Warrick Couch Richard Bower Alison Offer Joss Bland-Hawthorn Ivan K. Baldry Carlton Baugh Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Matthew Colless Chris Collins Nicholas Cross Gavin Dalton Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Edward Hawkins Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Will Percival Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,334(3):673-683