历史天气图数字化与数据检索应用

为了实现历史天气图的机器浏览与检索分析，采用先进的图形数字化技术，对原纸张型历史天气图进行数字化处理及检索应用。     

国家级中尺度天气分析业务技术进展Ⅰ：对流天气环境场分析业务技术规范的改进与产品集成系统支撑技术

中尺度天气分析技术已经在我国天气预报业务中发挥了重要作用。2011年以来国家级中尺度天气分析业务技术取得了明显进展,促进了国家级强对流预报业务的发展。《中尺度天气分析业务技术规范》已重新编写和完善,内容分为两篇,第一篇是中尺度对流天气环境场分析;第二篇为中尺度对流天气过程分析,第二篇为新增内容,将另文介绍。短时和短期时效内中尺度对流天气环境场条件分析以配料法思路为基础,重新编排和简化了分析内容,兼顾分析的精细化和分析产品的可操作性,增加了分类强对流天气分析量化指标建议供预报参考,新增了基于局地探空的强对流天气分析规范。中尺度天气分析业务的支撑技术是推进该业务的必备基础,因此国家气象中心改进了MICAPS 3中尺度天气主观分析工具箱功能;开发了中尺度天气分析产品集成系统,包括强对流天气监测产品、中尺度天气分析主观和客观产品、基于不同数值模式预报的强对流参数诊断产品等的数据产品和图形产品等。     

Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City,China

Due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization that has occurred in China over the last few decades, metals have been continuously emitted into the urban environment and now pose a serious threat to human health. Indeed, there is a growing concern over the potential for pollution of urban soils with heavy metals. Therefore, an extensive soil survey was conducted in urban areas of Changchun, China, to evaluate the current status of heavy metal contamination in soils and to evaluate its potential sources. A total of 352 samples of urban soils were collected from urban areas of Changchun using a systematic sampling strategy in which one sample per km² was taken (0 ~ 20 cm). The levels of Cu, Pb, Zn and the major elements (Mn, Al₂O₃, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO, SiO₂, K₂O and NaO) were then determined by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), while the level of Cd was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), and the Hg and As concentrations were determined by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The results indicated that, when compared with the background values of topsoil in the Changchun region, the topsoil in urban areas were enriched with metals, particularly Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg. The results of correlation coefficient analysis showed that Hg, As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were significantly positive correlated with each other, while Cr and Mn formed another group. Moreover, significantly positive correlations were observed between pH and Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As and Hg, indicating that pH influences the distributions of these metals in urban soils in Changchun. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify sources of heavy metals and the results revealed distinctly different associations among the trace metals and the major elements in the urban soils. The concentration of Cr appeared to be controlled by the parent material (natural sources), while Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly from vehicle emissions, with Zn primarily coming from vehicle tires. Additionally, Hg and As primarily originated from coal combustion, while Cd was mainly associated with industrial sources. According to the pollution index (PI) of each metal, the overall levels of metal pollution were not especially high, but there were clearly contaminated sites concentrated in the central and northeast portion of the studied region. The Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) of the seven metals also indicated that urban soils in Changchun city were classified as having low level of pollution.     

1950-2008年汉中市气侯变暖及其经济适应

利用汉中市1950-2008年的气温、降水、经济指标数据,分析了汉中市旱涝灾害对全球气候变暖的响应,并运用集对分析法分析了旱涝灾害对汉中市经济发展状况的影响.结果表明:全市平均气温为增温趋势,以90年代初为界将汉中市59年的气候分为冷、暖两个阶段,前为冷期,后为暖期;干旱气象灾害在气候变化影响下有愈演愈烈之势,对汉中市...     

缺资料流域水文模型参数区域化研究进展

缺资料流域由于缺乏历史径流资料无法进行水文模型参数率定,因此模型参数识别具有很大的难度和不确定性。目前国内外学者对缺资料流域水文模型参数识别一般采用区域化方法,即通过某种途径,利用有资料流域的模型参数推求缺资料流域的模型参数,从而对缺资料流域进行预报。文章总结分析了缺资料流域水文模型参数区域化方法中的参数移植法和回归法的研究进展,对存在的方法选择问题、尺度问题等进行了讨论,并指出在参数不确定性、尺度转换以及多种信息源利用等方面还有待于进一步研究。     

增强地热系统热储层-盐水-CO2相互作用

增强型地热系统(EGS)是采用人工形成地热储层的方法,从低渗透性岩体中经济地采出深层热能的人工地热系统。以CO₂为载热流体的增强地热能系统(CO₂-EGS)是实现CO₂减排和深部地热资源开发的有效手段,系统运行时的水-岩-气相互作用对热储层孔渗特征有着重要影响,最终会影响储层的产热能力。笔者利用高温高压反应釜模拟CO₂-EGS高温下的热储层-盐水-CO₂的相互作用,通过对实验中反应液离子成分变化和岩样扫描电镜进行分析,结果表明:实验后的钾长石和方解石出现溶解现象,且方解石溶蚀剧烈;岩样表面出现极少量次生方解石和钠长石,并有新矿物析出,其主要组成元素为C、O、Si、Fe,为菱铁矿的中间产物。通过TOUGHREACT建立反应性溶质运移模型,模拟上述实验的化学反应过程,模拟结果和实验数据拟合较好。该研究可为CO₂-EGS的水-岩-气作用机制提供地球化学数据。     

基于系列斑点图像的视宁度估算精度方法研究

半高宽法和像运动法是估算大气视宁度的常用方法,两种方法的估算精度都受到望远镜跟踪误差、风或者机械振动等因素的影响,提高视宁度估算精度在高分辨成像、选址、台站视宁度监测等方面有重要意义.对于半高宽法,用二维高斯函数拟合长曝光点源单星星像并选取合适方向的半高宽估算视宁度,可以有效改善跟踪误差、风或者机械振动等因素的影响.对...     

Evaluation of potential productivity of woody energy crops on marginal land in China

Energy crops are a basic material in the bioenergy industry, and they can also mitigate carbon emissions and have environmental benefits when planted on marginal lands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity of energy crops on marginal lands in China. A mechanistic model, combined with energy crop and land use characteristics, and meteorological and soil parameters, was used to simulate the potential productivity of energy crops. There were three main results. 1) The total marginal land in China was determined to be 104.78 × 10~6 ha. The 400-mm precipitation boundary line, which is the dividing line between the semi-humid and semi-arid zones in China, also divided the marginal land into shrub land and sparse forest land in the southeast and bare land, bare rock land, and saline alkali land in the northeast. 2) The total area of the marginal land suitable for planting energy crops was determined to be 55.82 × 10~6 ha, with Xanthoceras sorbifolia and Cerasus humilis mainly grown in the northern China, Jatropha curcas and Cornus wilsoniana mainly grown in the southwest and southeast, and Pistacia chinensis mainly grown in the central area, while also having a northeast-southwest zonal distribution. 3) Taking the highest yield in overlapping areas, the potential productivity of target energy crops was determined to be 32.63 × 10~6 t/yr. Without considering the overlapping areas, the potential productivity was 6.81 × 10~6 t/yr from X. sorbifolia, 8.86 × 10~6 t/yr from C. humilis, 7.18 × 10~6 t/yr from J. curcas, 9.55 × 10~6 t/yr from P. chinensis, and 7.78 × 10~6 t/yr from C. wilsoniana.     

双碳背景下地下工程永临结构一体化技术实践

永临结构一体化就是在设计施工过程中,将临时降止水结构和临时支护结构同永久结构结合起来一体化设计和一体化施工,以最大程度地发挥临时结构的作用,或者最大程度地减少临时结构的浪费。作者首次提出了地下工程永临结构一体化的建造理念,并结合作者近年来所做的科研工作,系统梳理了国内在永临结构一体化方面所做的科学尝试和技术实践,提出在双碳背景下应该大力倡导地下工程永临结构一体化,以减少材料浪费,降低对周边环境的影响,加快施工速度。     

基于非结构混合网格求解二维浅水方程的一种数值方法

复杂边界下的流场数值模拟常基于非结构化网格进行求解,建立一种在非结构混合网格上求解水深平均的二维浅水方程的模型,以便精确模拟复杂边界、提高计算效率。该模型时间项离散采用隐格式使得模型具有较好的稳定性,对流项和扩散项分别采用总变差减小(Total Variation Diminishing,TVD)格式和构造辅助点的方法来离散,同时采用水深平均的标准k-ε模型来封闭湍流模型。选用两个经典验证算例检验模型,计算结果表明,基于非结构混合网格开发的模型具有较高的精度,且收敛性能较好。