The Himalayan Collisional Orogeny: A Metamorphic Perspective

This paper introduces how crustal thickening controls the growth of the Himalaya by summarizing the P-T-t evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core. The Himalayan orogeny was divided into three stages. Stage 60–40 Ma: The Himalayan crust thickened to ~40 km through Barrovian-type metamorphism (15–25 °C/km), and the Himalaya rose from <0 to ~1000 m. Stage 40–16 Ma: The crust gradually thickened to 60–70 km, resulting in abundant high-grade metamorphism and anatexis (peak-P, 15–25 °C/km; peak-T, >30 °C/km). The three sub-sheets in the Himalayan metamorphic core extruded southward sequentially through imbricate thrusts of the Eo-Himalayan thrust, High Himalayan thrust, and Main Central thrust, and the Himalaya rose to ≥5,000 m. Stage 16–0 Ma: the mountain roots underwent localized delamination, causing asthenospheric upwelling and overprinting of the lower crust by ultra-high-temperature metamorphism (30–50 °C/km), and the Himalaya reached the present elevation of ~6,000 m. Underplating and imbricate thrusting dominated the Himalaya’ growth and topographic rise, conforming to the critical taper wedge model. Localized delamination of mountain roots facilitated further topographic rise. Future Himalayan metamorphic studies should focus on extreme metamorphism and major collisional events, contact metamorphism and rare metal mineralization, metamorphic decarbonation and the carbon cycle in collisional belts.     

Extensional Setting of Hainan Island in Mesoproterozoic: Evidence from Granitic Intrusions in the Baoban Group

The Mesoproterozoic Baoban Group is the oldest basement in Hainan Island and has played an important role in Columbia (Nuna) supercontinent reconstructions. The Mesoproterozoic granitic intrusions in the Baoban Group are the most widely-exposed Precambrian magmatic rocks and are the key to understanding the tectonic settings of Hainan Island and its relationship with the South China Block and the Columbia supercontinent. New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating on three mylonitic granite samples from the Tuwaishan and Baoban areas yield ages ranging from 1447 Ma to 1437 Ma, representing the absolute timing of the emplacement of the granitic intrusions. Combined with previously published geochronological data for rocks from the Baoban Group and regional mafic intrusions, it is concluded that the Baoban Group formed at 1460–1430 Ma, coeval with the emplacement of the granitic and mafic intrusions. New in-situ zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses for the three mylonitic granite samples yielded positive εHf(t) values, ranging from +0.49 to +8.27, with model ages (TCDM) ranging from 2181 Ma to 1687 Ma, suggesting that the granitic intrusions originated from a mixed source of Paleoproterozoic crust with juvenile crust. New zircon trace element data show characteristics of high Th/U values of 0.24–1.50, steep slopes from LREE to HREE and negative Pr, Eu anomalies with positive Ce, Sm anomalies, representing typical magmatic zircons formed in continental crust. Compared with available magmatic and detrital zircon ages from Precambrian rocks in the Cathaysia Block, Yangtze Block and western Laurentia, it is inferred that Hainan Island was separated from both the Cathaysia Block and the Yangtze Block, instead being connected with western Laurentia in the Columbia supercontinent. Considering the decreasing tendency of basin deposition time along the western margin of Laurentia, it is proposed that Hainan Island was located to the north or northwest of the Belt-Purcell Supergroup, along the western margin of Laurentia, during the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent.     

Prediction of Shale Gas Pressure based on Multi-channel Seismic Inversion in Fuling

The accurate prediction of formation pressure is important in oil/gas exploration and development. However, the achievement of this goal remains challenging, due to insufficient logging data and the low predictive data accuracy from seismic data. In this work, a case study was carried out in the Baima area of Wulong, in order to develop a workflow for accurately predicting shale gas formation pressure. The multi-channel stack method was first used, as well as the inversion of single-channel seismic data, to construct velocity and density models of the formation. Combined with the existing well-logging data, the velocity and density models of the whole well section were established. The shale gas formation pressure was then estimated using the Eaton method. The results show that the multi-channel seismic stacking method has a higher accuracy than the inversion of the formation velocity obtained by the single-channel seismic method. The discrepancies between our predicted formation pressure and the actual formation pressure measurement are within an acceptable range, indicating that our workflow is effective.     

煤矿井下定向钻孔中电阻率探测技术与应用

受高瓦斯/承压奥灰水威胁的工作面开采前,一般采取定向钻进技术在工作面底板开展压裂或注浆工程保障开采安全。利用底板定向钻孔开展孔中探测工作,可更加精细揭露工作面内隐伏构造,还可实现“一孔多用”。为解决定向钻孔内的探测问题,提出一种在水平定向钻孔中进行直流电阻率法探查的方法。定向钻孔施工完毕后,退出定向钻孔施工的通缆钻杆,送入内平钻杆,将孔中高密度电缆通过钻杆尾端特制水便送入钻孔,使孔中电缆平铺于钻孔中,在定向钻孔水平段,进行孔内直流电阻率法径向探测。在理论上通过数值模拟研究层状介质下单孔测量工作模式的接收信号衰减规律、视电阻率曲线变化特征、顶底板岩性对测量结果的影响等,并采用单孔测量数据对孔旁异常范围进行反演定位。数值模拟研究表明,孔中电阻率探测方法对隐伏的异常体有良好的探测效果。通过在陕西韩城某矿井下实际煤层底板探测试验,对研究区2个定向抽采钻孔孔中探测数据进行处理,反演结果异常区与工作面内隐伏小断层位置吻合,验证了定向钻孔中电缆布置的可行性和定向钻孔内通过孔内径向和孔间透视探测隐伏构造的可靠性。      

青藏高原持久性有机污染物研究现状与展望

自21世纪以来,对地球上最大、最高的高原——青藏高原上持久性有机污染物的含量、传输途径和归宿的了解已逐步深入,回顾了关于青藏高原持久性有机污染物研究的主要成果。高海拔山区的观测技术和多尺度模型是产出这些成果的关键突破口,而第三极持久性有机污染物观测网填补了青藏高原地区持久性有机污染物数据的空白,为系统阐明南亚持久性有机污染物的排放特征,明确印度季风驱动下持久性有机污染物输入青藏高原的过程与范围以及揭示青藏高原高寒生态系统对部分持久性有机污染物的富集程度提供了基础。植被、土壤和冰川是持久性有机污染物的重要汇。由于青藏高原临近国家是持久性有机污染物的排放源地,使得持久性有机污染物可通过远距离大气传输和“冷捕集”作用在青藏高原环境中富集。因此未来需要开展长期监测,准确量化新型污染物对青藏高原生态环境的影响,阐明气候变化和人类活动共同影响下青藏高原环境变化的趋向。最后,考虑到跨境传输是青藏高原持久性有机污染物污染的主要原因,因此还应在持久性有机污染物排放法规方面积极开展全球/区域合作,以减少持久性有机污染物的迁移及其对青藏高原的不利影响。     

Upgrading of reinforced concrete frame using novel detailing technique for progressive collapse prevention

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - The paper investigates the effect of novel structural detailing on the progressive collapse behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. The role of...     

Projection of droughts and their socioeconomic exposures based on terrestrial water storage anomaly over China

Science China Earth Sciences - Global warming has altered the thermodynamic and dynamic environments of the climate system, thus affecting the energy budget and water cycle process of the...     

In situ calcite U−Pb geochronology by high-sensitivity single-collector LA-SF-ICP-MS

Science China Earth Sciences - U?Pb geochronology of calcite using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is an emerging method, with potential applications...     

绿松石低温生长过程中Cu同位素特征及其对产地溯源的意义

绿松石（CuAl₆（PO₄）₄（OH）₈·4（H₂O））是重要的表生宝石矿物,已有研究采用绿松石主量元素Cu的同位素进行产地溯源,但是溯源机理不明确.此外,绿松石生长过程复杂,该过程是否造成Cu同位素组成的显著变化还不甚清楚,这限制了其产地溯源的应用.湖北省竹山县是全球最大的宝石级绿松石产出地,采用MC-ICP-MS对竹山县条带状绿松石的生长条带进行高精度Cu同位素测试.结果表明:绿松石δ65Cu值较高,然而不同条带没有明显变化（δ65Cu=10.99‰~11.54‰）.绿松石含矿热液沉淀过程分馏有限（< 1‰）,这指示绿松石Cu同位素显著变化主要发生在含矿热液的形成过程.原生硫化物的δ65Cu=0±1‰,显著低于绿松石样品测定值,推测引起含矿热液Cu同位素显著分馏的主要原因是原生硫化物发生氧化作用.全球典型绿松石矿区的数据整体与该结果一致,表明绿松石Cu同位素组成主要受源区环境的控制;同一矿区中形成的绿松石,即使经历周期生长产生条带状结构,其Cu同位素组成基本一致.该研究深入探究了Cu同位素示踪绿松石矿区的机理,同时也加深了对低温过程Cu同位素分馏的认识.      

陆地热泉钙华：重建古气候历史信息重要载体

【研究目的】陆地热泉钙华作为火山、地热区常见的陆相碳酸盐岩沉积物/岩被广泛用于恢复古环境,但其中可反映古气候信息的代用指标多受复杂外界条件变化控制,因此利用热泉钙华进行古气候信息提取有待深入研究。【研究方法】本文对当前热泉钙华在重建古气候信息方面的成功案例进行了总结,并梳理了与热泉钙华沉积相关的各类气候、非气候影响因素。【研究结果】研究认为针对热泉钙华进行古气候恢复代用指标的选取,目前较为可行的有C-O同位素、主微量元素,孢粉学数据由于孢粉保存的局限性,可作为佐证信息,配合其他气候代用指标来检验古气候意义的正确与否,同时需将热泉钙华中各项气候代用指标与生物地层学、冰芯、石笋等相对成熟的古气候研究手段进行对比,使各类古气候替代指标相互验证,从而更好的解读热泉钙华中古气候信息。【结论】利用热泉钙华中的各项气候代用指标进行可靠的古气候信息提取与恢复具有可行性。创新点：本文梳理了国内外热泉钙华恢复古气候的成功案例,并探讨了针对热泉钙华进行古气候恢复研究存在的问题。