Bolla Bollana boulder beds: A Neoproterozoic trough mouth fan in South Australia?

The Bolla Bollana Formation is an exceptionally thick (ca 1500 m), rift‐related sedimentary succession cropping out in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia, which was deposited during the Sturtian (mid Cryogenian) glaciation. Lithofacies analysis reveals three distinct facies associations which chart changing depositional styles on an ice‐sourced subaqueous fan system. The diamictite facies association is dominant, and comprises both massive and stratified varieties with a range of clast compositions and textures, arranged into thick beds (1 to 20 m), representing stacked, ice‐proximal glaciogenic debris‐flow deposits. A channel belt facies association, most commonly consisting of normally graded conglomerates and sandstones, displays scour and fill structure of ca 10 m width and 1 to 3 m depth: these strata are interpreted as channelized turbidites. Rare mud‐filled channels in this facies association bear glacially striated lonestones. Finally, a sheet heterolithics facies association contains a range of conglomerates through sandstones to silty shales arranged into clear, normally graded cycles from the lamina to bed scale. These record a variety of non‐channelized turbidites, probably occupying distal and/or inter‐channel locations on the subaqueous fan. Coarsening and thickening‐up cycles, capped by dolomicrites or mudstones, are indicative of lobe build out and abandonment, potentially as a result of ice lobe advance and stagnation. Dropstones, recognized by downwarped and punctured laminae beneath pebbles to boulders in shale, or in delicate climbing ripple cross‐laminated siltstones, are clearly indicative of ice rafting. The co‐occurrence of ice‐rafted debris and striated lonestones strongly supports a glaciogenic sediment source for the diamictites. Comparison to Pleistocene analogues enables an interpretation as a trough mouth fan, most probably deposited leeward of a palaeo‐ice stream. Beyond emphasizing the highly dynamic nature of Sturtian ice sheets, these interpretations testify to the oldest trough mouth fan recorded to date.     

微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS分析矿物岩石87Sr/86Sr比值的技术比较

微区Sr同位素体系相对于传统全岩Sr同位素研究,可以揭示样品自身存在的不均一性,更好地反映样品经历的地质过程,已被广泛应用于各种地质研究领域,如研究壳幔相互作用、岩浆起源和演化,岩浆体系开放性研究,沉积盆地物源示踪及气候环境研究。准确测定Rb-Sr同位素比值是应用该同位素体系的前提。微钻取样-热电离质谱/多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(TIMS/MC-ICPMS)和激光剥蚀多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)作为分析地质样品微区Sr同位素组成的有效手段,已经得到了较为广泛的应用。两种技术在样品制备、干扰校正和质谱测试等方面各具优势和不足。微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS的最大优势是可获得高精度的Sr同位素数据(外精度优于100×10-6,2SD);但由于需要进行化学处理,流程繁琐耗时(约10天),实验周期较长,同时需要严格控制化学流程空白,且取样直径(200~2000μm)和取样深度(100~2000μm)较大,空间分辨率较低,但是该方法可以对高Rb样品(如钾长石)进行有效分析。LA-MC-ICPMS的最大优势是样品制备简单,数小时即可完成,且分析效率高,根据样品Sr含量的大小激光束斑直径多在60~300μm之间变化,其空间分辨率较前一种方法高,可在短时间内对大量样品进行分析。但由于不能进行化学分离,分析过程中存在多种干扰(如Rb、Ca、Kr和REEs等),影响了测试的精度(约200×10-6,2SD)和准确度(约150×10-6)。该方法目前只能对高Sr低Rb的样品(如斜长石、磷灰石等)进行有效分析,而对于干扰元素含量较高的样品目前无法应用。本文认为,对于微钻取样法,应将改进化学流程作为重点研究方向,提高化学处理效率,同时改善微钻取样法的取样技术,减小取样直径和深度以提高空间分辨率;对于激光剥蚀法,重点突破Kr、Rb和二价REEs等干扰校正问题,提高干扰元素含量较高的样品的分析精度和准确度,同时需要提高仪器灵敏度以满足低Sr含量样品的分析要求。     

黔南惠水下石炭统上司组礁滩灰岩微相

黔南惠水雅水剖面下石炭统上司组底部含有厚度约7m的生物沉积和建造灰岩,为上下生屑滩夹含5m厚的珊瑚格架礁,微相类型丰富,可划分出4种类型:1泥粒状灰岩;2粒泥状灰岩;3珊瑚障积岩;4层孔虫盖覆岩。在生屑滩沉积生物碎屑泥粒状灰岩中,珊瑚、腕足类、钙藻、介形类、海百合茎等破碎程度高,分选性低,为较强水动力条件远距离或频繁搬运后快速沉积的产物,此时不适宜大型珊瑚原地生长保存,仅见少量而单调的单体四射珊瑚和复体四射珊瑚。珊瑚格架礁以生物碎屑粒泥状灰岩、珊瑚障积岩为主,发育少量层孔虫盖覆岩和藻类粘结作用。腕足类、钙藻、有孔虫、海百合茎、介形类、腹足类较为丰富,苔藓虫以及层孔虫的丰度未达到支撑程度,昭示珊瑚格架礁生长期的水动力条件减弱,为单体四射珊瑚、笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)和丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)为主体的珊瑚群落形成原地礁灰岩创造了条件。     

The Thermal Volume Changes of the Callovo–Oxfordian Claystone

There are very few data on the thermoplastic behaviour of claystones, while their knowledge is necessary in understanding long-term behaviour of high-level radioactive waste confining systems. In this paper, a number of thermomechanical parameters of the Callovo–Oxfordian claystone, the possible host rock of radioactive waste in France, are presented. These parameters were obtained from experiments performed on a hollow cylinder cell. The short drainage path of this device allows a good saturation in a reasonably short time; also, the good drainage conditions and reasonable homogeneity of pore pressure during the tests in such a low-permeability material. The saturation procedure was performed under in-site stresses prior to testing to reduce the swelling effect during hydration. The thermomechanical experimental programme conducted here evidenced a plastic contraction of the claystone during drained heating under in-situ stress conditions, like in normally consolidated soils. Previous loading induced a dilating–contracting response comparable to that of overconsolidated clays. Finally, whereas the elastic response appeared to be temperature independent, the plastic compressibility investigated through a drained isothermal isotropic compression test at 80 °C increased compared to that at 25 °C. These first results should be confirmed by further thermomechanical investigation on claystones.     

星载激光测风技术体制及其评估方法综述

星载激光测风雷达是探测全球风场的重要工具。目前由欧洲空间局研制的全球首颗星载激光测风卫星Aeolus已于2018年8月顺利升空部署,美国和日本也在积极论证和研制新的星载激光测风雷达技术体制,分别采用混合多普勒测风雷达HDWL（Hybrid Doppler Wind Lidar）和相干多普勒测风雷达CDWL（Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar）技术体制。本文简要介绍了Aeolus、HDWL和CDWL技术体制,并根据前人的研究成果,从数据获取率和获取量、风场探测精度以及对数值预报系统的改进作用对这3种技术体制进行了评估综述。研究结果表明以气溶胶和云滴粒子为示踪物进行的大气风场探测具有更高的探测精度,其测风精度约为0—2 m/s,其探测范围为边界层和对流层下层;以大气分子为示踪物的大气风场探测精度相对较低,其精度约为1—3 m/s,但其具有更大的探测范围。根据3种星载激光测风雷达技术体制,Aeolus和HDWL具备探测边界层和对流层的大气风场能力,CDWL只能获取边界层至对流层下层的风场数据,HDWL体制相比Aeolus和CDWL,能够获取更多的风场探测数据,且能够实现较高精度水平风场矢量探测数据。OSSE（Observing System Simulation Experiments）实验表明,将星载激光测风雷达风场探测资料同化到数值预报系统之后,预报结果得到明显的改善,在双星联合探测体制下,更大的风场探测范围相比径向风场的探测更有助于提升数值预报系统的精度,而径向风场的探测将更好地提升星下点的探测精度。HDWL体制相比Aeolus和CDWL,由于其探测范围更广,且可以实现径向风速的探测,故推测其对数值预报系统的精度的提升作用更明显。对这3种技术体制的分析评估可为发展中国的星载激光测风雷达技术体制提供参考。     

川中雷口坡组膏盐岩成因及对储层的影响

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、成岩孔隙演化与埋藏史关系研究等手段,分析了川中雷口坡组膏盐岩微相的成因及其演化,并从沉积相、成岩过程、构造作用三个方面论述了膏盐岩对川中雷口坡组储层的控制与影响。研究表明,川中雷口坡组膏盐岩形成于受限陆表海的潮坪环境,其微相分为潮上带的膏盐池、潮间带的膏盐湖和局限潮下带的膏盐盆;其成因可分为潮上带浓卤水在低洼处汇聚成因或潮间潮下带表层浓卤水下沉置换成因;其分布与海平面升降导致的膏盐岩沉积中心迁移有关,同时与点滩的分布也有一定联系。膏盐岩的形成以及同生—准同生期溶蚀、表生期溶蚀垮塌、中—深埋藏期的硫酸盐热化学还原反应产生的埋藏溶蚀等作用对川中雷口坡组中上部储层的形成控制有重要贡献。此外,膏盐岩的底辟作用和构造运动产生的裂缝、断层,对烃源的运移、气藏的重新分布起着一定的促进作用。     

徐州地区新元古界贾园组臼齿构造沉积环境分析及成因探讨

臼齿构造是一种发育于中、新元古代碳酸盐岩中的具有特殊结构和时限性的沉积构造,其成因有多种解释。徐州地区新元古界贾园组风暴沉积及臼齿构造发育。本文通过野外和室内观察研究,对研究区贾园组臼齿构造形态特征及沉积环境进行分析,并探讨其形成过程。贾园组臼齿构造集中发育于古纬度20°N~34°N的潮下碳酸盐岩缓坡地带,古海洋基底在地震波作用下产生裂隙系统,元古代特殊大气成分背景下的海水中的远源风暴流渗透进入温暖的碳酸盐缓坡地带碳酸盐沉积区的裂隙系统,并在裂隙的愈合作用下与孔隙水产生化学反应产生方解石快速结晶作用,并接受后期沉积作用改造。元古代大地构造背景、古海洋、古大气的物理化学条件是控制研究区臼齿构造时空分布的主要因素。     

Modeling intraday oscillations of the Earth’s pole

An amplitude-frequency analysis of a few-parameter model for intraday oscillations of the Earth’s pole induced by gravitational-tidal torques exerted by the Sun and the Moon is presented. The characteristic features of the intraday oscillations in the polar coordinates are found using the dynamical Euler-Liouville equations, taking into account irregular perturbations. The modeling results for the polar motion are compared with high-accuracy VLBI observations over short time intervals. An amplitude-frequency analysis of the polar oscillations and the second zonal harmonic c ₂₀ of the geopotential is presented.     

Three-dimensional hydrostratigraphical modelling to support evaluation of recharge and saltwater intrusion in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam

Saltwater intrusion is generally related to seawater-level rise or induced intrusion due to excessive groundwater extraction in coastal aquifers. However, the hydrogeological heterogeneity of the subsurface plays an important role in (non-)intrusion as well. Local hydrogeological conditions for recharge and saltwater intrusion are studied in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam where geological formations exhibit highly heterogeneous lithologies. A three-dimensional (3D) hydrostratigraphical solid model of the study area is constructed by way of a recursive classification procedure. The procedure includes a cluster analysis which uses as parameters geological formation, lithological composition, distribution depth and thickness of each lithologically distinctive drilling interval of 47 boreholes, to distinguish and map well-log intervals of similar lithological properties in different geological formations. A 3D hydrostratigraphical fence diagram is then generated from the constructed solid model and is used as a tool to evaluate recharge paths and saltwater intrusion to the groundwater system. Groundwater level and chemistry, and geophysical direct current (DC) resistivity measurements, are used to support the hydrostratigraphical model. Results of this research contribute to the explanation of why the aquifer system of the study area is almost uninfluenced by saltwater intrusion, which is otherwise relatively common in coastal aquifers of Vietnam.     

藏北羌塘中西部红脊山地区晚古生代蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造意义

以变质玄武岩为研究对象,对红脊山蛇绿岩进行了详细的岩石学和地球化学研究。结果表明,玄武岩主量元素含量与典型的N-MORB非常相似,稀土元素总量较低,具有轻稀土元素略亏损的近平坦左倾型配分型式,Eu异常不显著(δEu=1.05~1.16)。微量元素蛛网图总体也与N-MORB相似,表明变质基性岩源于N-MORB型亏损地幔源区。与典型的大洋中脊玄武岩相比,微量元素蛛网图显示出部分大离子亲石元素明显富集和部分高场强元素明显亏损的特征,尤其是Nb的亏损较为明显(Nb=1.67×10-6~2.26×10-6,平均值为1.97×10-6),表明本区玄武岩受俯冲带物质的影响,很可能形成于俯冲带之上的弧后盆地次级扩张的大地构造背景,属SSZ型蛇绿岩范畴,为特提斯大洋岩石圈在俯冲过程中引发弧后盆地次级扩张的产物。本研究为龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带中西段的构造演化研究提供了重要依据。