Rift propagation at craton margin.: Distribution of faulting and volcanism in the North Tanzanian Divergence (East Africa) during Neogene times

A revised kinematic model is proposed for the Neogene tectono-magmatic development of the North Tanzanian Divergence where the axial valley in S Kenya splits southwards into a wide diverging pattern of block faulting in association with the disappearance of volcanism. Propagation of rifting along the S Kenya proto-rift during the last 8 Ma is first assumed to have operated by linkage of discrete magmatic cells as far S as the Ngorongoro–Kilimanjaro transverse volcanic belt that follows the margin of cratonic blocks in N Tanzania. Strain is believed to have nucleated throughout the thermally-weakened lithosphere in the transverse volcanic belt that might have later linked the S Kenya and N Tanzania rift segments with marked structural changes along-strike. The North Tanzanian Divergence is now regarded as a two-armed rift pattern involving: (1) a wide domain of tilted fault blocks to the W (Mbulu) that encompasses the Eyasi and Manyara fault systems, in direct continuation with the Natron northern trough. The reactivation of basement fabrics in the cold and intact Precambrian lithosphere in the Mbulu domain resulted in an oblique rift pattern that contrasts with the orthogonal extension that prevailed in the Magadi–Natron trough above a more attenuated lithosphere. (2) To the E, the Pangani horst-like range is thought to be a younger (< 1 Ma) structure that formed in response to the relocation of extension S of the Kilimanjaro magmatic center. A significant contrast in the mechanical behaviour of the stretched lithosphere in the North Tanzanian diverging rift is assumed to have occurred on both sides of the Masai cratonic block with a mid-crustal decoupling level to the W where asymmetrical fault-basin patterns are dominant (Magadi–Natron and Mbulu), whereas a component of dynamical uplift is suspected to have caused the topographic elevation of the Pangani range in relation with possible far-travelled mantle melts produced at depth further N.     

Evolution of Mesozoic fluvial systems along the SE flank of the West Siberian Basin, Russia

The Mesozoic stratigraphy in the subsurface of the West Siberian Basin contains prolific hydrocarbon accumulations, and thus the depositional environments of marine and marginal marine Jurassic and Cretaceous age sediments are well-established. However, no information is currently available on strata of equivalent age that crop out along the SE basin margin in the Mariinsk–Krasnoyarsk region, despite the potential of these exposures to supply important information on the sediment supply routes into the main basin. Detailed sedimentological analysis of Jurassic–Cretaceous clastic sediments, in conjunction with palaeo-botanical data, reveals five facies associations that reflect deposition in a range of continental environments. These include sediments that were deposited in braided river systems, which were best developed in the Early Jurassic. These early river systems infilled the relics of a topography that was possibly inherited from earlier Triassic rifting. More mature fluvial land systems evolved in the Mid to Late Jurassic. By the Mid Jurassic, well-defined overbank areas had become established, channel abandonment was commonplace, and mudrocks were deposited on floodplains. Coal deposition occurred in mires, which were subject to periodic incursions by crevasse splay processes. Cretaceous sedimentation saw a renewed influx of sand-grade sediment into the region. It is proposed that landscape evolution throughout the Jurassic was driven simply by peneplanation rather than tectonic processes. By contrast, the influx of sandstones in the Cretaceous is tentatively linked to hinterland rejuvenation/ tectonic uplift, possibly coeval with the growth of large deltaic clinoform complexes of the Neocomian in the basin subsurface.     

Segment,Linkage,and Extensional Fault-Related Fold in Western Liaodong Bay Subbasin,Northeastern Bohai Sea,China

The western Liaodong (辽东) Bay subbasin displays examples of segment,linkage of extensional fault,and fault-related folds.The Liaoxi (辽西) extensional fault system consists of a series of NNE- and NE-trending segments that were linked through relay ramps.The fault hanging walls are characterized by a series of en echelon synclines with axial traces sub-parallel to the faults.The synclines are doubly plunging located on the hanging wall of normal faults,with the strata dip sub-parallel to the fault.These folds result from along-strike displacement variations of the individual fault segments,as well as from extensional fault-related folding.In the study area,the synclines are separated by transverse intra-basin highs and relay ramps that formed where segment linkage occurred.These hanging wall synclines and their relation to fault displacement variations indicate that they are formed by extensional fault-related fold.     

鲁西蒙山新太古代末闪长岩体的区域构造意义——SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学证据

华北克拉通东部陆块的鲁西地区,太古宙结晶基底主要分两个单元:西部的TTG(tonalitic英云闪长质-trondhjemitic奥长花岗质-granodioritic花岗闪长质)岩石单元和东部的片麻状二长花岗岩单元。鲁西的两个岩石单元沿北北西向古构造带拼贴,沿古构造带侵位一些深成闪长岩体。在该古构造带的南部发育的深成闪长岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果给出了上交点年龄2534±77Ma,近谐和点年龄为2536±26Ma,代表在晚太古代末(～2.5Ga)沿古构造带拼贴过程中的深成岩浆活动,是鲁西地区前寒武纪完成克拉通化的陆壳固结作用。从地质年代学和区域地质上,本文确定了沿北西走向的泰山-蒙山古构造带分布的南部蒙山闪长岩体与北部的泰山闪长岩体处于同一条深成岩浆活动带,这表明鲁西地区新太古代末TTG岩区与二长花岗岩区两个单元沿古构造带拼贴是华北克拉通东部陆块在新太古代末发生的重要大地构造事件。     

孤南洼陷古近系沙三段中亚段可容空间转换系统研究

传统的层序地层学认为,在盆地演化过程中,海(湖)平面或可容空间的变化是统一的。然而根据对可容空间变化的分析研究发现,由于受到基底的差异沉降、沉积物的沉积以及绝对湖平面的变化三种因素的控制,断陷盆地内可容空间在时间和空间上的变化是非统一性的。根据可容空间的变化划分出的可容空间增加带、减小带以及转换带所组成的体系及其在平面和垂向上的空间展布称之为可容空间转换系统。文中首先从理论模型的角度分析了断陷盆地可容空间转换系统的构成要素及其相互关系,论述了可容空间转换系统的组成和划分方案,并以孤南洼陷沙三中亚段为研究对象,划分了一个三级可容空间转换系统并细分为7个四级可容空间转换系统。最后从石油地质学理论以及可容空间转换带处准层序垂向发育特征两方面阐述了转换带与油气成藏之间的关系,并结合典型油气藏实例解剖,认为可容空间转换带控制了有利的成藏组合的发育位置。     

Mapping ecosystem services at the regional scale: the validity of an upscaling approach

Mapping ecosystem services (ES) over large scales is important for environmental monitoring but is often prohibitively expensive and difficult. We test a hybrid, low-cost method of mapping ES indicators over large scales in Pará State, Brazil. Four ES indicators (vegetation carbon stocks, biodiversity index, soil chemical quality index and rates of water infiltration into soil) were measured in the field and then summarized spatially for regional land-cover classes derived from satellite imagery. The regionally mapped ES values correlated strongly with independent and local measures of ES. For example, regional estimates of the vegetation carbon stocks are strongly correlated with actual measures derived from field samples and validation data (significant anova test – p-value = 4.51^e?9) and differed on average by only 20 Mg/ha from the field data. Our spatially-nested approach provides reliable and accurate maps of ES at both local and regional scales. Local maps account for the specificities of an area while regional maps provide an accurate generalization of an ES’ state. Such up-scaling methods infuse large-scale ES maps with localized data and enable the estimation of uncertainty of at regional scales. Our approach is first step towards the spatial characterization of ES at large and potentially global scales.     

人口集聚对中国城市经济增长的影响分析

人口集聚是新经济地理学关注的焦点,由于连续年份城市建设用地数据难以获取等原因,目前仍无法明确人口集聚是否促进了中国城市经济增长。采用消除连续年份时空异质性的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据方法所提取的建设用地等数据,通过构建人口密度影响地均收入水平的理论模型,分析2005-2013年间人口集聚对中国35个大城市经济增长的影响。研究发现人口集聚对中国城市经济增长产生显著的正向影响,其影响程度沿东、中、西部依次递减;在解释机制上,人口集聚主要通过知识和人力资本促进中国城市经济的增长,而知识密集行业占比和高校师生比的空间分布及两者对城市收入的影响是沿东、中、西部依次递减的,是解释人口集聚促进城市经济增长存在空间差异的主要原因。     

Observations of some oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing organic molecules in cold dark clouds

Observations of nine oxygen- and sulfur-containing organic molecules have been made toward the cold dark clouds TMC-1 and L134N. We have confirmed the presence of para-ketene (H2C2O) in TMC-1, have for the first time observed ortho-ketene, and find a total ketene column density approximately 1 x 10(13) cm-2. Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) is easily detectable in both TMC-1 and L134N, with a column density about 5 times larger in the former source (approximately 3 x 10(13) cm-2). The fractional abundance of ketene is comparable to the predictions of ion-molecule chemistry, while that of thioformaldehyde in TMC-1 is one to two orders of magnitude greater than that expected from such models at steady state. Interstellar sulfur chemistry thus continues to be poorly understood. We set upper limits for the column densities of formic acid (HCOOH), vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH), methyl formate (HCO2CH3), formamide (NH2CHO), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), isothiocyanic acid (HNCS), and thioketene (H2C2S) in both sources.     

基于回复电压法的ZnO压敏电阻冲击老化诊断

针对如何准确诊断ZnO压敏电阻老化的问题,提出了一种新的诊断方法——回复电压法,通过对ZnO压敏电阻试样进行不同程度的冲击老化试验,并采用多种诊断方法对试样在冲击前后的老化状态进行测量,发现回复电压法同传统的压敏电压以及放电残压变化率法所得的结论相吻合,且回复电压法的主要参数回复电压最大值以及中心时间常数在冲击后呈现下降趋势,这与SEM电镜扫描试验得出的压敏电阻晶粒平均尺寸下降,电导率上升的结论相一致,进一步证明了回复电压法诊断的及时有效性,这对提高ZnO压敏电阻的老化诊断准确度具有一定的参考价值。