Assessment of observational networks with the Representer Matrix Spectra method—application to a 3D coastal model of the Bay of Biscay

The development of coastal ocean modeling in the recent years has allowed an improved representation of the associated complex physics. Such models have become more realistic, to the point that they can now be used to design observation networks in coastal areas, with the idea that a “good” network is a network that controls model state error. To test this ability without performing data assimilation, we set up a technique called Representer Matrix Spectra (RMS) technique that combines the model state and observation error covariance matrices into a single scaled representer matrix. Examination of the spectrum and the eigenvectors of that matrix informs us on which model state error modes a network can detect and constrain amidst the observation error background. We applied our technique to a 3D coastal model in the Bay of Biscay, with a focus on mesoscale activity, and tested the performance of various altimetry networks and an in situ array deployment strategy. It appears that a single nadir altimeter is not efficient enough at capturing coastal mesoscale physics, while a wide swath altimeter would do a much better job. Testing various local in situ array configurations confirms that adding a current meter to a vertical temperature measurement array improves the detection of secondary variability modes, while shifting the array higher on the shelf break would obviously enhance the model constraint along the coast. The RMS technique is easily set up and used as a “black box,” but the utility of its results is maximized by previous knowledge of model state error physics. The technique provides both quantitative (eigenvalues) and qualitative (eigenvectors) tools to study and compare various network options. The qualitative approach is essential to discard possibly inconsistent modes.     

基于“嫦娥一号”干涉成像光谱数据的月表虹湾地区FeO及TiO_2含量评估

基于"嫦娥一号"干涉成像光谱数据对月表虹湾地区元素分布进行分析。首先对该数据进行辐射畸变校正、反射率反演和几何校正等预处理;然后基于Apollo月球样品含量的实验室实测数据,建立一套基于"嫦娥一号"干涉成像光谱数据的FeO及TiO2含量反演模型;最后计算获取月表虹湾地区FeO及TiO2含量的分布图,并针对分布结果对虹湾地区的成因提出假设。     

A Method for Calculating Bottom Backscattering Strength Using Omnidirectional Projector and Omnidirectional Hydrophone

A method of obtaining bottom backscattering strength by employing an omnidirectional projector and omnidirectional hydrophone is proposed. The backscattering strength is extracted from monostatic backscattering data. The method was adopted in an experiment conducted in the South Yellow Sea of China. The seafloor surface was relatively smooth and covered by a small quantity of shell fragments, as observed through a digital camera system. Sampling data showed that the main component of the sediment at this experimental site was fine sand. In this paper, we detail the calculation method. Preliminary results of backscattering strength as a function of grazing angle(20?–70?) in the frequency range of 6–24 kHz are presented. The measured backscattering strength increased with the grazing angle and changed more rapidly at large grazing angles(60?–70?). A comparison of the data at different frequencies reveals that the measured backscattering strength substantially rises with the increase of acoustic frequency. A fitting curve of Lambert's law against the measured data shows that the backscattering strength deviates from Lambert's law at large grazing angles.     

使用SAR影像生成DEM的精度分析

雷达干涉测量(InSAR)和雷达立体测量(Radargrammetry)是使用SAR影像生成DEM的两种主动遥感新技术,前者利用反射雷达波的相位信息,而后者利用其灰度信息。本文利用ERS-1/2卫星对香港地区成像获取的SAR影像分别构成干涉像对和立体像对生成了DEM,并以外部DEM为参考,利用对比和统计方法分析了两种测量方法的精度情况和技术优势。     

南雄盆地始新统红层沉积环境分析

选取南雄盆地始新统红层——古城村剖面作为研究对象,结合磁性矿物和地球化学元素特征分析其沉积环境。古城村剖面上部和下部为红色,中部为青灰色,颜色及其深浅均随沉积层理/层次逐渐变化,说明颜色和沉积地层层理/层次为同期形成,为地层的原生色。磁学测量的饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）和剩磁矫顽力（Bcr）结果与红度（a*）呈现良好的正对应关系,热磁曲线结果表明红层样品以赤铁矿为主,漫反射光谱（DRS）佐证了原生赤铁矿的存在且是唯一可以检测到的磁性矿物。赤铁矿指示了当时的沉积环境为高温少雨。剖面中部存在青灰色地层,该层样品的热磁测量没有检测到磁性矿物信号,只检测到顺磁性矿物信号。高温处理后的DRS测量也表明其存在顺磁性的黏土矿物。通过地球化学元素分析显示其与标准石灰岩相比差异较大,而与中国典型黄土较为相似,可能说明青灰层并非石灰岩。剖面的上下层均为以原生赤铁矿为主的红层,代表高温强氧化环境。青灰层与上下红层之间为过渡渐变,地层较为连续且无不整合现象,化学元素分析也显示该层与上下红层、上地壳和黄土都具有较高的相似性,所以该层更可能是风积物在气候转为湿润条件下经成土作用形成的钙质淀积层。古城剖面反映了始新世时期干热氧化—湿润氧化还原—干热氧化的逐渐变化过程,对于准确理解南雄盆地此阶段古环境有重要意义。     

Bisexual populations of the brine shrimpArtemia in Sète-Villeroy and Villeneuve Saltworks (Languedoc,France)

So far,Artemia populations in solar saltponds of southern France have been considered as belonging to the Old World parthenogenetic strain. However, two populations sampled monthly in abandoned salinas of Sète-Villeroy and Villeneuve appear to be bisexual throughout their life-cycle. Their sex ratio regularly fluctuates near equilibrium, and mating, present throughout life, is very common in early winter. Morphological characteristics, particularly the male frontal knobs structure, are discussed in relation to the diploid bisexual Mediterranean strain,Artemia tunisiana, which is distributed around the Mediterranean basin. The existence of sexual populations is discussed in regard to variation in environmental conditions in abandoned salinas.     

Productivity, management and development problems in the arid rangelands of the central Mendoza plains (Argentina)

The central Mendoza plains (56,000 km²), located in the eastern foothills of the Andes, belong to the vast phytogeographic province of ‘Monte’ (c.500,000 km²) in Argentina. This area is a typical warm arid zone and vegetation is typically a shrubland. Perennial grasses are predominantly C₄species. Land-use is for livestock grazing; the average stocking rate is 28 ha per large stock unit (LSU), year-long. Ecological and range research have been actively pursued in the region by IADIZA over the past 25 years. Two experiment stations were established 25 and 10 years ago, respectively: The Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve and the El Divisadero Cattle and Range Station. Primary production and its relationship to climatic and edaphic parameters were analysed and compared in the two stations. Rain-use efficiency (RUE, kg DM ha⁻¹year⁻¹mm⁻¹) and useful rains efficiency (URE, P −0·1 PETp) were similar in both cases (RUE = 1·7 and 2·0; URE = 3·0 and 2·9, respectively), when herbs are concerned. However, the variability of annual production was much higher on the silty soils of Ñacuñán than on the coarse sands of El Divisadero; PRVR (Production to Rain Variability Ratio) was 2·5 and 0·53, respectively. Utilization of such experimental figures allows for the prediction of primary production and carrying capacity for a given year, based on rainfall probabilities and, therefore, to determine stocking rates in a rational manner. Basing stocking rates on annual dependable rains (f 0·8) and on useful rains probability (P − 0·1 PETp) proved to be a sound and realistic assessment, validated by long-term experiments and experience. The results of the studies on brush control, cattle diet composition, animal productivity and feed value of forage species were analysed. Current and future research programmes in IADIZA for the Mendoza plains are mentioned. Although research on resource inventory and basic ecological processes in the Mendoza plains should carry on, the emphasis and therefore the resources should henceforth be devoted to the consequences of resource management alternatives on overall arid land productivity, i.e. research for development. A better integration of applied ecology for management and investigations on basic arid land ecological processes should appear in IADIZA programmes.     

碳酸岩的地质地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

从已知碳酸岩的地质产状、岩石学特征、Nd-Sr-Pb-O-C同位素及痕量元素地球化学特征数据,结合高温高压实验岩石学资料,论述了其地幔源区的物质成分、交代过程软流圈地幔部分熔融机制和碳酸岩岩浆的演化模型。碳酸岩既可以产生于拉张岩石圈构造背景,也能够产生于挤压而派生的引张岩石圈构造背景。前者以产于裂谷环境、与硅酸不饱和过碱性岩构成环状碳酸岩—碱性杂岩为特征,主要由起源于软流圈地幔的霞石质超基性—基性岩浆经液态不混溶作用而形成;后者产于碰撞造山过程中派生的引张岩石圈断裂带,以单一的透镜状、条带状和似层状碳酸岩体为标志,直接由导源岩石圈富集地幔的低程度部分熔融作用而产生的碳酸岩浆侵入或喷发所形成。