Biological reference points based on sustainability in harvested fish stocks under changing productivity levels

The conditions for commercial harvesting of fish stocks are changing. The traditional fishery management was based on strategies directed at optimising the yield. The relevant biological reference points were F_MAX and F_0.1. The emphasis is now on the sustainability of the exploitation, and the biological reference points are Minimum Biological Acceptable Level (MBAL) and F_MED. This study investigates the usefulness of these sustainability reference points when the stock productivity measured in recruitment terms changes, e.g. due to environment variability. The paper shows data from the Eastern Baltic Cod stock where the variability in recruitment has been interpreted as periods with average recruitment productivity and periods with high productivity (yearclasses 1975–1981). The paper concludes that the sustainability reference points MBAL and F_MED which are build on the assumption of a time invariant stock recruitment relation are less useful in these situations.     

Seismic evidence of Caledonian deformed crust and uppermost mantle structures in the northern part of the Trans-European Suture Zone, SW Baltic Sea

Collisional structures from the closure of the Tornquist Ocean and subsequent amalgamation of Avalonia and Baltica during the Caledonian Orogeny in the northern part of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) in the SW Baltic Sea are investigated. A grid of marine reflection seismic lines was gathered in 1996 during the DEKORP-BASIN '96 campaign, shooting with an airgun array of 52 l total volume and recording with a digital streamer of up to 2.1 km length. The detailed reflection seismic analysis is mainly based on post-stack migrated sections of this survey, but one profile has also been processed by a pre-stack depth migration algorithm. The data provides well-constrained images of upper crustal reflectivity and lower crustal/uppermost mantle reflections. In the area of the Caledonian suture, a reflection pattern is observed with opposing dips in the upper crust and the uppermost mantle. Detailed analysis of dipping reflections in the upper crust provides evidence for two different sets of reflections, which are separated by the O-horizon, the main decollement of the Caledonian deformation complex. S-dipping reflections beneath the sub-Permian discontinuity and above the O-horizon are interpreted as Caledonian thrust structures. Beneath the O-horizon, SW-dipping reflections in the upper crust are interpreted as ductile shear zones and crustal deformation features that evolved during the Sveconorwegian Orogeny. The Caledonian deformation complex is subdivided into (1) S-dipping foreland thrusts in the north, (2) the S-dipping suture itself that shows increased reflectivity, and (3) apparently NE-dipping downfaulted sedimentary horizons south of the Avalonia–Baltica suture, which may have been reactivated during Mesozoic normal faulting. The reflection Moho at 28–35 km depth appears to truncate a N-dipping mantle structure, which may represent remnant structures from Tornquist Ocean closure or late-collisional compressional shear planes in the upper mantle. A contour map of these mantle reflections indicates a consistent northward dip, which is steepest where there is strong bending of the Caledonian deformation front. The thin-skinned character of the Caledonian deformation complex and the fact that N-dipping mantle reflections do not truncate the Moho indicate that the Baltica crust was not mechanically involved in the Caledonian collision and, therefore, escaped deformation in this area.     

海南岛全新世碳酸盐沉积及成岩作用

三亚湾珊瑚可以分为５个微相：生物骨架岩、生物屑、礁岩屑、珊瑚碎块，强烈改造的生物质，成岩作用包括同生沉积作用、胶结、藻缠结、细粒物充填，机械和化学侵蚀。排浦更新世白云岩与掘穴生物的钻孔有关，粉至中晶结构为混合水成因，峨曼更新世灰岩为砂质灰岩、角砾状灰岩，豆状灰岩。生物屑经重结晶，Ｘ（ＭｇＣＯ３）小于２％，贫铁，三亚湾潮间带海滩岩胶结物为文石和高镁方解石，见悬挂式胶结和渗滤砂。