关于天气预报问题

天气预告昔日各国完全采用经验法(Empirical method);自挪威学旅之气团分析,及极面学说发生以後,最近各国已次续采纳。我国在十年前,竺可桢氏已有介绍文章,吕炯先生在数年前亦曾应用极面学说分析长江下游之风暴。其後有黄厦千,赵九章,朱炳海诸先生亦曾致力於气团分析工作,皆具卓见。近日有涂长望先生之中国气团分     

Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region

Seismic reflection profiles and well data are used to determine the Cenozoic stratigraphic and tectonic development of the northern margin of the South China Sea. In the Taiwan region, this margin evolved from a Palaeogene rift to a latest Miocene–Recent foreland basin. This evolution is related to the opening of the South China Sea and its subsequent partial closure by the Taiwan orogeny. Seismic data, together with the subsidence analysis of deep wells, show that during rifting (～58–37 Ma), lithospheric extension occurred simultaneously in discrete rift belts. These belts form a >200 km wide rift zone and are associated with a stretching factor, β, in the range ～1.4–1.6. By ～37 Ma, the focus of rifting shifted to the present‐day continent–ocean boundary off southern Taiwan, which led to continental rupture and initial seafloor spreading of the South China Sea at ～30 Ma. Intense rifting during the rift–drift transition (～37–30 Ma) may have induced a transient, small‐scale mantle convection beneath the rift. The coeval crustal uplift (Oligocene uplift) of the previously rifted margin, which led to erosion and development of the breakup unconformity, was most likely caused by the induced convection. Oligocene uplift was followed by rapid, early post‐breakup subsidence (～30–18 Ma) possibly as the inferred induced convection abated following initial seafloor spreading. Rapid subsidence of the inner margin is interpreted as thermally controlled subsidence, whereas rapid subsidence in the outer shelf of the outer margin was accompanied by fault activity during the interval ～30–21 Ma. This extension in the outer margin (β～1.5) is manifested in the Tainan Basin, which formed on top of the deeply eroded Mesozoic basement. During the interval ～21–12.5 Ma, the entire margin experienced broad thermal subsidence. It was not until ～12.5 Ma that rifting resumed, being especially active in the Tainan Basin (β～1.1). Rifting ceased at ～6.5 Ma due to the orogeny caused by the overthrusting of the Luzon volcanic arc. The Taiwan orogeny created a foreland basin by loading and flexing the underlying rifted margin. The foreland flexure inherited the mechanical and thermal properties of the underlying rifted margin, thereby dividing the basin into north and south segments. The north segment developed on a lithosphere where the major rift/thermal event occurred ～58–30 Ma, and this segment shows minor normal faulting related to lithospheric flexure. In contrast, the south segment developed on a lithosphere, which experienced two more recent rift/thermal events during ～30–21 and ～12.5–6.5 Ma. The basal foreland surface of the south segment is highly faulted, especially along the previous northern rifted flank, thereby creating a deeper foreland flexure that trends obliquely to the strike of the orogen.     

湿雪的密实化与颗粒粗化过程研究

研究了处于自然状态下的湿雪的密实化和颗粒粗化过程.在野外观测的基础上,通过应用粘滞流体模型,发现与干雪相反,当湿雪的含水率达到一定程度(重量含水率约5%)后,粘滞度随密度增加而降低.通过粒径量测与颗粒大小分布统计发现,与含水饱和的雪相同,在湿雪演变过程中,不同时刻的雪粒粒径积累频率分布曲线形状基本相同,且与含水饱和雪的基本一致,说明含水不饱和的雪与含水饱和的雪在颗粒粗化过程中具有相同的粒径分布及其演进特征.分析还显示,含水不饱和雪的颗粒粗化速率比含水饱和雪的小得多.     

Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Eastern Tibet Plateau: Evidence from the Central Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt, Western China

The Songpan–Garzê Orogenic Belt (northeastern TibetPlateau) experienced polyphase deformation and metamorphismthat is best developed in the Danba Domal Metamorphic Terrane(DDMT), in which three tectonometamorphic events can be identified.The first event (D₁–M₁) is characterized by prograde sericite-to kyanite-grade Barrovian metamorphism during late Indosinian(     

The Composition and Reservoir Properties of the Deposits of the Bazhenov Formation in the Central Part of the Tundrin Depression

The section structure was characterized according to the lithological and petrophysical studies of the core from the Bazhenov Formation that has been uncovered in the central part of the Tundrin Depression. The productive oil intervals where the reservoirs of the pore and fissure-pore types occur were identified.     

Large‐scale poroelastic fractured reservoirs modeling using the fast multipole displacement discontinuity method

An effective approach to modeling the geomechanical behavior of the network and its permeability variation is to use a poroelastic displacement discontinuity method (DDM). However, the approach becomes rather computationally intensive for an extensive system of cracks, particularly when considering coupled diffusion/deformation processes. This is because of additional unknowns and the need for time‐marching schemes for the numerical integration. The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is a technique that can accelerate the solution of large fracture problems with linear complexity with the number of unknowns both in memory and CPU time. Previous works combining DDM and FMM for large‐scale problems have accounted only for elastic rocks, neglecting the fluid leak‐off from the fractures into the matrix and its influence on pore pressure and stress field. In this work we develop an efficient geomechanical model for large‐scale natural fracture networks in poroelastic reservoirs with fracture flow in response to injection and production operations. Accuracy and computational performance of the proposed method with those of conventional poroelastic DDM are compared through several case studies involving up to several tens of thousands of boundary elements. The results show the effectiveness of the FMM approach to successfully evaluate field‐scale problems for the design of exploitation strategies in unconventional geothermal and petroleum reservoirs. An example considering faults reveals the impact of reservoir compartmentalization because of sealing faults for both geomechanical and flow variables under elastic and poroelastic rocks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrogeochemical typification of the ultramafic rocks from the Idar greenstone belt,Kan block,East Sayan

The ultramafic rocks of the Kan block, East Sayan, are confined mainly to the Idar greenstone belt. In terms of formational affiliation, they are subdivided into two groups: magmatic (Kingash Complex) and residual (Idar Complex) ones. The magmatic ultramafic rocks compose hypabyssal and subvolcanic bodies, which are represented by rocks of dunite-wehrlite-picrite association with cumulate textures. Uninterrupted chemical variations of the magmatic ultramafic rocks indicate subsequent magmatic differentiation of parental picritic melt in the intermediate deep-seated chambers and emplacement of its derivatives in the crystallization site. Differentiation leads to proportional increase of all rare-earth and other incompatible elements. The residual ultramafics occur as boudined dunite-harzburgite bodies showing metamorphic granoblastic textures. They have more homogenous chemical composition close to those of ophiolite complexes, which represent strongly depleted mantle rocks brought to the upper lithospheric levels via deep-seated thrusts. Residual ultramafics differ from magmatic rocks in notably lower contents of some trace and rare earth elements.     

Discovery of a new blue quasar: SDSS J022218.03–062511.1

We report the discovery of a bright blue quasar: SDSS J022218.03–062511.1. This object was discovered spectroscopically while searching for hot white dwarfs that may be used as calibration sources for large sky surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey or the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project. We present the calibrated spectrum, spectral line shifts and report a redshift of z = 0.521±0.0015 and a rest‐frame g‐band luminosity of 8.71×10¹¹ L_⊙. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Measured and modeled wave overtopping on a natural beach

The rate of wave overtopping of a barrier beach is measured and modeled. Unique rate of wave overtopping field data are obtained from the measure of the Carmel River, California, lagoon filling during a time when the lagoon is closed-off with no river inflow. Volume changes are based on measured lagoon height changes applied to a measured hypsometric curve. Wave heights and periods are obtained from directional wave spectra data in 15 m fronting the beach. Beach morphology was measured by GPS walking surveys. Three empirical overtopping models by Van der Meer and Janssen (1995), Hedges and Reis (1998) and Pullen et al. (2007) with differing parameterizations on wave height, period and beach slope and calibrated using extensive laboratory data obtained over plane, impermeable beaches are applied in a quasi-2D manner and compared with the field observations. Three overtopping events are considered when morphology data were available less than 2 weeks prior to the event. The models are tuned to fit the data using a reduction factor to account for beach permeability, berm characteristics, non-normal wave incidence and surface roughness influence. In addition, the run-up model by Stockdon et al. (2006) based on field data is examined and found to underestimate run-up as the calculated values were too small to predict any of the observed overtopping. The three overtopping models performed similarly well with values of 0.72–0.87 for the two narrow-banded wave cases, with an average reduction factor of 0.78. The European model (Pullen et. al., 2007) performed best overall and in particular for the case of the broad-banded, double peaked wave spectrum.