东祁连山表土花粉组合及其数量特征

应用TWINSPAN分类和DCA排序对东祁连山地区7个不同植被类型的表土花粉组合及其与环境的关系进行定量研究。表土花粉类型可分为3组：Group1为花粉产量大的本地花粉，可较好地反映当地植被的特征；Group2为产量小的本地花粉，反映植被特征较差；Group3为外来花粉，在土壤地层中较常见。样地排序结果可划分出6个组：(1)山地草原化荒漠，(2)青海云杉林，(3)祁连圆柏林，(4)金露梅灌丛，(5)矮嵩草草甸，(6)小嵩草草甸，各组具有不同的花粉组合特征；但山杨—白桦林可能是由于花粉自身和花粉保存等原因，花粉组合无突出特征，难以区分。海拔高度和干燥度是影响表土花粉和植被分布的重要因素。藜科／蒿属(C／A)、木本花粉／非木本花粉(AP／NAP)随植被变化也反映出与植被分布的一致性。     

Adaptive inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging for nonuniformly moving targets

A novel adaptive inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging technique is proposed for targets with nonuniform motion. The proposed algorithm is referred to as the generalized range-Doppler (GRD) ISAR imaging technique and is based on the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT). By utilizing this technique, clear ISAR imaging can be achieved for nonuniformly moving targets without involvement of complex motion compensation. Simulation results have proved that the new algorithm is robust and also computationally efficient as compared with previously reported algorithms such as joint time-frequency (JTF) imaging.     

Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the 14 November 2001 great Kunlun earthquake, northern Tibet, China

The 14 November 2001 Kunlun, China, earthquake with a moment magnitude (M_w) 7.8 occurred along the Kusai Lake–Kunlun Pass fault of the Kunlun fault system. We document the spatial distribution and geometry of surface rupture zone produced by this earthquake, based on high-resolution satellite (Landsat ETM, ASTER, SPOT and IKONOS) images combined with field measurements. Our results show that the surface rupture zone can be divided into five segments according to the geometry of surface rupture, including the Sun Lake, Buka Daban–Hongshui River, Kusai Lake, Hubei Peak and Kunlun Pass segments from west to east. These segments, each 55 to 130 km long, are separated by step-overs. The Sun Lake segment extends about 65 km with a strike of N45° 75°W (between 90°05′E 90°50′E) along the previously unrecognized West Sun Lake fault. A gap of about 30 km long exists between the Sun Lake and Buka Daban Peak where no obvious surface ruptures can be observed either from the satellite images or field observations. The Buka Daban–Hongshui River, Kusai Lake, Hubei Peak and Kunlun Pass segments run about 365 km striking N75° 85°W along the southern slope of the Kunlun Mountains (between 91°07′E 94°58′E). This segmentation of the surface rupture is well correlated with the pattern of slip distribution measured in the field. Detailed mapping suggest that these five first-order segments can be further separated into over 20 second-order segments with a length of 10–30 km, linked by smaller scale step-overs or bends.Our result also shows that the total coseismic surface rupture length produced by the 2001 Kunlun earthquake is about 430 km (excluding the 30-km-long gap), which is the longest coseismic surface rupture for an intracontinental earthquake ever recorded.Finally, we suggest a multiple bilateral rupture propagation model that shows the rupture process of the 2001 M_w 7.8 earthquake is complex. It consists of westward and eastward rupture propagations and interaction of these bilateral rupture processes.     

Experimental study of migration of potassium ion through a two-layer soil system

A barrier system based on the hydraulic trap design concept for a landfill was proposed. To study the field scenario in which a clay liner is underlain by a granular layer functioning as a secondary leachate drain layer, a laboratory advection–diffusion test was performed to investigate factors controlling the transport of contaminants in a two-layer soil system. The soils used for this study were Ariake clay and, the underlying layer, Shirasu soil from the Kyushu region of Japan. Potassium (K⁺) was selected as the target chemical species with an initial concentration of 905 mg L⁻¹. The effective diffusion coefficients (D _e) of K⁺ for Ariake clay and Shirasu soil were back-calculated using an available computer program, Pollute V 6.3. Values of D _e derived from this experiment are consistent with previously published ones. The Ariake clay has lower D _e than the Shirasu soil. The hypothesis that mechanical dispersion can be considered negligible is reasonable based on both the observation that the predicted values well fit the experimental data and the analyses of two dimensionless parameters. Parametric analyses show that transport of K⁺ through soils is controlled by advection–diffusion rather than diffusion only, whereas at low Darcy velocity (i.e., ≤10⁻⁹ m s⁻¹), transport of K⁺ will be controlled by diffusion. Applications of the test results and parametric analysis results in practical situations were reviewed.     

南海成因研究现状

南海作为西太平洋边缘海中最大的海盆，其成因与欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块密切相关，而且也是世界上重要的油气产区，成为国内外地质学家长期研究的热点地区之一。本文在前人研究的基础上对南海成因模式进行概括和总结，在此基础上讨论了南海成因模式存在的问题以及今后应重点研究的方面。     

近116年江淮梅雨异常及其环流特征分析

利用江淮地区1885—2000年近116a梅雨特征量资料和NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，采用谐波分析、最大熵谱分析、小波分析、合成分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨特征量的年际-年代际变化特征及梅雨异常的环流特征。结果表明；江淮梅雨特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨期长度呈显著上升的长期变化趋势，梅雨量和梅雨强度长期趋势变化不明显；梅雨特征量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期，入梅日期具有准24a、准5a和准3a的显著周期；出梅日期具有准35a、准22a和准5a的显著周期；梅雨量具有准40a、准15a、准9a和准3a的显著周期。丰梅年南亚高压中心强度和西太平洋副热带高压增强。枯梅年则反之。     

空间信息的结构、表达及其理解机制

在分析传统地理信息系统理论主要缺陷的基础上,将语言学引入地理信息系统,提出了数字环境下空间信息结构与表达的认识模型——空间信息的语言学模型,探讨了空间信息的语言学特征,主要是语言单位、语法及语义机制,并就其对地理信息系统各环节特别是空间信息的智能化数据处理所产生的影响进行了讨论。     

基于模板技术的专题制图

以专题地图制作中的专题图表为例,提出基于模板技术的专题制图方法。概述了模板的概念、模板工具设计原则以及模板库建立方法。     

水体的遥感信息自动提取方法

本文在对各种遥感信息提取方法进行深入分析的基础上,提出了一种水体的遥感信息自动提取方法。该方法从遥感信息机理的角度出发,构造地物信息提取模型,并利用面向对象的设计方法建立了该模型,从而实现广义上的基于知识的专题信息提取。以ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ图像为例进行水体的自动提取,通过对自然水体和新积水区的应用研究,取得了较好的效果。可进一步应用于洪水灾害的监测。     

水工建筑物抗震可靠度设计和分析用的随机地震输入模型

结合水工建筑物的特点,提出了一套可供水工建筑物抗震可靠度设计和分析应用参考的随机地震运输输入模型和参数。