Geostatistical regionalization of glacial aquitard thickness in northwestern Germany, based on fuzzy kriging

In many instances hydrogeological parameters obtained by conventional methods for selected localities within an aquifer or an aquitard are not sufficient for adequate regionalization at the scale of the entire layer. Here, we demonstrate an application of the fuzzy kriging method in regionalization of hydrogeological data, in which the set of conventional, crisp values is supplemented by imprecise information subjectively estimated by an expert. It is believed that such an approach eventually may reflect the real-world conditions more closely than a traditional crisp-value approach, because the former does not impose exactness artificially on phenomena which are diffuse by their nature. Spatial interpolation was done for the thickness of one of the major aquitards (till and glaciolacustrine clay) in northwestern Germany. The dataset consists of 329 crisp values from boreholes supplemented by 172 imprecise values defined as fuzzy numbers. It is demonstrated that the reliability of regionalization was higher, compared to regionalization performed with the crisp dataset only. Fuzzy kriging was performed with FUZZEKS (Fuzzy Evaluation and Kriging System) developed at the Ecosystem Research Center at the University of Kiel.     

A note on thermomechanical anisotropy of clays

Deep clays exhibit a pronounced strain anisotropy both during mechanical loading as well as during heating and cooling at constant stress in drained isotropic conditions. During mechanical loading vertical strain is larger than the horizontal one. During heating the vertical strain is larger than the horizontal one within the elastic range; the opposite is observed in the elasto-plastic range. The above described response can be interpreted adopting a consistent rotational, kinematic hardening thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive law.     

Overview of in-situ thermomechanical experiments in clay: Concept, results and interpretation

The HADES project (High Activity Disposal Experimental Site) aims at demonstrating the technical feasibility and the long-term safety of geological disposal of reprocessed HLW (High-Level Wastes) radioactive wastes. This disposal could be realised in the Tertiary Boom clay formation below the Mol/Dessel nuclear site. Previous studies in the 80's on the geomechanical behaviour of Boom clay, at host rock temperature (15°C), have demonstrated the mining capabilities of this clay. European partners have collaborated to increase the number of in-situ tests to be developed and operated from the Underground Research Facility (URF). Integrated large-scale experiments have been developed during the last four years, within the framework of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) research contracts, in order to gain more insight into the thermal influence of heat-emiting wastes on the clay behaviour in the near field.

This paper summarizes the knowledge gained from the in-situ hydro-thermo-mechanical experiments realised from the URF. The objectives and main issues of the tests are described. Information regarding selection of parameters and representativeness of their measurements is discussed. Despite their different aims and designs, three hydro-thermo-mechanical experiments are compared in order to emphasize similarities in the general behaviour of the clay massif submitted to a thermal load. It is observed that its behaviour is qualitatively similar to the reaction upon a constant total stress increase. With the information now available, it is not obvious to draw conclusions with respect to the irreversibility of some phenomena.

Simple in-house analytical codes are able to simulate with a good accuracy the hydro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of clay. Nevertheless, these codes are not sufficient to describe the complexity of the phenomena that are involved in hydro-thermo-mechanical processes as pointed out by field data. In order to validate more complex models, the possibilities to improve the representativeness of the measurements are investigated.     

青藏高原东北地区现代降水中δD与δ^18O的关系研究

根据对取自青藏高原东北地区部分降水样中氢氧稳定同位素比率的分析，得到沱沱河站的大气水线（ＭＷＬ）为：δＤ＝８．２５δ＾１８Ｏ＋９．２２‰，与全球平均ＭＷＬ的差别较小；德令哈、西宁站的ＭＷＬ分别为：δＤ＝５．８６δ＾１８Ｏ－２７．２８‰和δＤ＝６．９６δ＾１８Ｏ－３０．１９‰，均与全球平均ＭＷＬ差别较大。这主要归因于水汽源地的非平衡蒸发和凝结物在非饱和大气中降落时的非平衡蒸发。上述地区的过量氘Ｅｘｄ     

红外,紫外及荧光分析在有机包裹体研究中的应用

本文利用红外，紫外及荧光分析方法，对岩石中吸附有机质和包裹体有机质进行了分析研究，红外分析结果表明，生油岩中的包裹体有机质有明显的石油峰，并且与吸附有机质的峰形有较大差别，紫外分析结果也表明，生油岩中两种有机质的光谱性质不一致，而非生油岩则相反，生油岩荧光光谱特征为：荧光强度大（〉４０），λｍａｘ在４５０ｎｍ左右，光谱位于蓝绿光区，演化程度属高成熟原油阶段，这些可作为评价生油潜力，演化程度的方法及     

内蒙古科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征

根据碎屑岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察分析资料，研究了科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征。科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂砾岩。碎屑岩的岩性特征对沙海组储集层的成岩作用具有显著的影响作用。     

Mineral inclusions in diamonds from the Sputnik kimberlite pipe, Yakutia

The Sputnik kimberlite pipe is a small “satellite” of the larger Mir pipe in central Yakutia (Sakha), Russia. Study of 38 large diamonds (0.7-4.9 carats) showed that nine contain inclusions of the eclogitic paragenesis, while the remainder contain inclusions of the peridotitic paragenesis, or of uncertain paragenesis. The peridotitic inclusion suite comprises olivine, enstatite, Cr-diopside, chromite, Cr-pyrope garnet (both lherzolitic and harzburgitic), ilmenite, Ni-rich sulfide and a Ti-Cr-Fe-Mg-Sr-K phase of the lindsleyite-mathiasite (LIMA) series. The eclogitic inclusion suite comprises omphacite, garnet, Ni-poor sulfide, phlogopite and rutile. Peridotitic ilmenite inclusions have high Mg, Cr and Ni contents and high Nb/Zr ratios; they may be related to metasomatic ilmenites known from peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite. Eclogitic phlogopite is intergrown with omphacite, coexists with garnet, and has an unusually high TiO₂ content. Comparison with inclusions in diamonds from Mir shows general similarities, but differences in details of trace-element patterns. Large compositional variations among inclusions of one phase (olivine, garnet, chromite) within single diamonds indicate that the chemical environment of diamond crystallisation changed rapidly relative to diamond growth rates in many cases. P-T conditions of formation were calculated from multiphase inclusions and from trace element geothermobarometry of single inclusions. The geotherm at the time of diamond formation was near a 35 mW/m² conductive model; that is indistinguishable from the Paleozoic geotherm derived by studies of xenoliths and concentrate minerals from Mir. A range of Ni temperatures between garnet inclusions in single diamonds from both Mir and Sputnik suggests that many of the diamonds grew during thermal events affecting a relatively narrow depth range of the lithosphere, within the diamond stability field. The minor differences between inclusions in Mir and Sputnik may reflect lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle.     

丰城洛市地区推,滑覆构造特征及其成因探讨

介绍了洛市地区推、滑覆构造特征、运动学标志及其形成时期、成因模式。     

Curvature analysis of triangulated surfaces in structural geology

This paper addresses the problem of characterizing the shape of a geological surface on the basis of its principal curvatures. The surface is assumed to be modeled as a set of adjacent triangles defined by the location of their vertices and a method is proposed for estimating numerically the principal curvatures at the vertices of the triangles using a local C² interpolant. Also shown is how principal curvatures can be useful for studying the deformation of a geological surface (with application to 3D balanced unfolding), and analyzing the folding or faulting of the interface between two adjacent layers.