基于大气电场与闪电资料的雷电临近预警方法

针对大气电场仪进行雷电预警误报率高的问题,提出了一种利用多站大气电场仪组网观测地面电场,并结合闪电定位系统的观测进行雷电预警的方法。该方法结合了大气电场仪与闪电定位仪的优点,利用电场强度阈值和闪电发生的距离阈值,得出雷电预警等级的方法。采用此方法可以降低仅用电场强度来预警所造成的误报率,并能估计出雷暴的移动方向。经检验,此方法TS评分为0.73,漏报率为0.21,空报率为0.09。此算法对于由远及近的雷电活动,或者距离很近的雷电活动有较高的预警准确率。算法对10km内的强雷暴预警效果最好。     

马兰黄土与Cr(Ⅲ)水岩相互作用模型的建立与验证

使用SEM、EDS、IR、XRD等仪器,分析了马兰黄土的物化组成、表面结构及表面位浓度和阳离子交换容量等特征,并利用这些数据建立了马兰黄土-Cr(Ⅲ)的水岩相互作用模型及变初始浓度、去碳酸岩盐以及形态提取实验。通过对比模拟结果与实验结果,验证模型的可靠性,并初步获取了马兰黄土与水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)作用过程中所发生的相关反应及其强度。结果显示,在实验浓度(1～100mg/L)范围内,该模型能够很好地描述马兰黄土与水中Cr(Ⅲ)的反应过程,其模型精度达90%。本成果将进一步丰富马兰黄土与Cr(Ⅲ)水岩相互作用的机理研究。     

不同土地利用下岩溶水系统水化学日动态强度小波分析

土地利用/覆被变化会使岩溶水系统演化的化学驱动能——土壤CO2量发生变化,进而使得岩溶水系统的水化学日动态变化强度发生变化。小波分析方法可以有效识别岩溶水系统的水化学日动态变化强度,并给出定量化的指标。通过对亚热带季风气候区的贵州省陈旗、灯盏河与板寨岩溶水系统长达2年的水文水化学监测数据进行小波分析,发现有土壤覆盖但土地利用程度较高的岩溶水系统(陈旗和灯盏河),其排泄点水化学指标中CO2分压日动态强度要高于植被覆盖良好但岩石裸露的岩溶水系统(板寨)排泄点,说明岩溶水系统中土壤对水化学日动态强度的调控有着关键的作用。这一发现对于正确理解和评价不同土地利用下的岩溶作用及其碳汇强度差异有着重要的意义。     

黄土对含油废水的吸附作用研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了兰州地区黄土对含油废水中石油类污染物的吸附作用,并对温度、pH、土壤粒径、有机质含量和含盐量等影响吸附作用的因素进行了分析。实验结果表明:该类型黄土对可溶性石油饱和溶液的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力随温度、pH的升高而降低;吸附量随土壤粒径的减小呈增大趋势;吸附量与土壤有机质含量、含盐量呈线性关系,随着有机质含量、含盐量的增高吸附量增大。     

环形超深基坑围护结构受力变形特性分析

结合上海世博500 kV变电站超深基坑实际工程,采用平面应变及轴对称弹性地基有限元分析模型对基坑围护结构的空间效应进行简化,分析了环形基坑空间效应、内衬墙以及水土压力模式对围护结构受力变形特性的影响,并与实测结果进行比较。结果表明,环形基坑围护结构的空间效应对其受力变形特性影响很大,在计算过程中必须考虑围护结构环向刚度对径向刚度的贡献;内衬墙作用类似于环形支撑,对地下连续墙受力及变形是有利的;地下连续墙水平位移实测值最接近于侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元分析结果;地下连续墙环向应力和弯矩实测值位于按规范水土分算与侧压力系数1.0的轴对称有限元计算结果之间。     

软弱围岩隧道取消系统锚杆的现场试验研究

在软弱围岩隧道中,提出初期支护结构由钢架+喷射混凝土+钢筋网+锁脚锚杆+纵向连接筋组成,即取消系统锚杆用钢架联结处的锁脚锚杆代替。以包家山隧道为依托工程,采用现场试验的方法,选取2个试验段,进行锁脚锚杆取代系统锚杆后,有、无拱部锚杆的对比试验研究。对比试验的内容包括：隧道初期支护的净空收敛、围岩压力、钢架应力、喷射混凝土应力、锚杆轴力和纵向连接筋应力等。研究结果表明：2个试验段初期支护变形趋于稳定,结构受力安全,说明取消系统锚杆不影响初期支护结构的安全与稳定;拱部锚杆有受拉,也有受压,但受力都不大,最大拉应力仅为钢材极限强度的11.8%,其支护作用不明显;锁脚锚杆大部分受拉,最大值达到191 MPa,钢架支护作用明显,在支护体系中发挥着重要作用。取消系统锚杆减少了施工工序,降低了工程造价,缩短了工序循环时间,有利于及早封闭围岩以形成完整的支护结构。经济价值和社会效益显著。     

贵阳市某岩溶地区地下汽油污染物运移特征分析

岩溶地区地质环境脆弱,防污能力差,特别是浅埋藏岩溶发育地区,地下水具有易污染性。本文以贵阳市某加油站10年前发生的油灌泄漏污染为例,分析了汽油污染物在岩溶水中的运移特征。调查结果表明(1)汽油污染物运移受包气带的岩性、结构、厚度以及地形坡度、地下水流速等的影响,主要沿岩溶管道、基岩面、裂隙运移;(2)汽油污染物优先在断裂、裂隙、溶缝、溶洞等通道中迁移扩散,以侧向运移为主,垂向次之;(3)有机污染物除了随地下水流动而迁移外,还会发生弥散作用,在基岩隆起部位或地形较高部位,这种现象更为明显;(4)受限于红粘土本身对污染物的拦截吸附作用,污染物向上浸染扩散程度并不高,只有最靠近基岩面的那一部分才会遭受油类污染物的浸染;(5)汽油污染物长期着在岩溶管道壁、岩溶裂隙、土岩接触面上,具有难迁移、难消除的特点。      

航空瞬变电磁法的全时域视电阻率计算方法

鉴于ATEM数据量大质低的特点,视电阻率仍是最有效而直观的参数.本文给出了适用于ATEM多种观测条件下(包括各种装置类型,发送波形,关断电流等情况)的全时域视电阻率的计算方法,并对典型层状大地模型的理论瞬变电磁响应作了全时域视电阻率及其对应等效深度的计算.结果表明,全时域视电阻率随等效深度变化的曲线可定性反映地下介质电性特征,并可近似估计低阻或高阻层上界面深度.对于非单调下降的瞬变电磁曲线,该方法也能取得较好的计算结果.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

In this paper, using the double difference tomography method, the P wave and S wave velocity structures of the earth's crust beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir are inversed based on the high-resolution seismic data of seismological stations recorded from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the P wave and S wave crust velocity zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show a high V_P value area and a V_S value area with value low in the lower part and high in the upper part, distributing respectively at both sides of Shennongxi River to western Xietan in the north of Badong and near the outlet of the Xiangxi River at the northern section on Xiannvshan Fault. In the region from the two sides of Shennong River in the north of Badong to the western Xietan, microseisms are distributed in three zones in near east-west direction, with steep and north-dipping sections, spreading along the high-to-low velocity transition zone of the P and S wave. On the northern section of Xiannvshan Fault, small earthquakes are distributed along the NNW-trending Xiannvshan Fault, and the geological section reveals a steep and linear distribution along the transitional zone between the high V_P value area and the V_S value that is low in the upper and high in the lower part. Joint inversion results show a good consistency of the planes of the microseisms with the distribution of active faults.     

DATA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN SFM DATA AND DGPS DATA: A CASE STUDY FROM FAULT SCARP IN THE EAST BANK OF HONGSHUIBA RIVER,NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QILIAN SHAN

With the development of the techniques acquiring high-resolution digital terrain data,the digital terrain data acquisition technology has been widespread applied to the geoscience research.A revolutionary,low-cost and simply operative SfM (Structure from Motion) technology will make obtain high-resolution DEM data more convenient for researches on active tectonics.This paper summarizes the basic principles and workflows of SfM technology and processes and selects the Hongshuiba River area along the northern margin of the Qilian Shan to conduct data collection.We use a series of digital pictures to produce a texture with geographic information,in which data resolution is 6.73cm/pix and average density of point cloud is 220.667 point/m².The coverage area is 0.286km².Further,in order to compare the accuracy between SfM data and differential GPS (DGPS) data in details,SfM data are vertically shifted and tilt-corrected.After optimizing corrections of SfM data,the absolute value of elevation difference between two data substantially concentrates around 20cm,roughly equivalent to 2-folds of data error only after the elevation error correction.Elevation difference between two data is 10~15cm in 90% confidence interval.The maximum error is about 30cm,but accounts for less than 10%.Along the direction of fault trace,the height of fault scarp extracted from SfM data shows that vertical displacement of the latest tectonic activity in the east bank of Hongshuiba River is about 1m,and some minimum scarps height may be 0.3m.The results show SfM technology with high vertical accuracy can be able to replace differential GPS in high-precision topographic survey.After correcting of SfM data,elevation difference still exists,which may be associated with methods of generating DEM and SfM data accuracy,which in turn is controlled by the number and distribution of Ground Control Points (GCPs),photos density and camera shooting height,but also related to surface features,Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault