辽南新元古代桥头组海相冰碛沉积事件

通过对辽南瓦房店市岳山地区详细的野外地质调查,在桥头组中首次发现两处冰筏坠石冰碛沉积现象。坠石大小不等,均呈椭球倒锥状,磨圆较好,岩性分别为灰褐色细粒石英砂岩和黄褐色铁质胶结细粒石英砂岩,寄主围岩岩性为黄绿色粉砂质页岩且环绕坠石沉积,两者岩性差别较大,界线清晰。另外在桥头组中采集的碎屑锆石最小~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为662±16 Ma(~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄为884±28 Ma),可以推断桥头组形成晚于800 Ma,应为新元古代中晚期沉积产物。根据以上证据及层序学资料,笔者把辽宁地区出露的桥头组、长岭子组(康家组)厘定为辽宁地区第二次冰碛事件,形成时代确定为新元古代中北方世(南华世)。     

Advances and Trends in Atmospheric Measurement by Smartphones*

With the development and popularization of smartphones and embedded sensors, a non-professional atmospheric measurement method by using smartphones carried by the public has been proposed recently. Without extra dedicated instrument, this method has many advantages, such as low hardware cost, high spatio-temporal resolution, and wide coverage, and it can supplement the professional atmospheric measurement methods, which has broad applications in the meteorological operation, scientific research, public service, and other fields. At present, the research on the non-professional atmospheric measurement in China is limited. In order to make full use of this method, this paper briefly outlined the states of existing smartphones and embedded sensors, highlighted the measurement of precipitation, air temperature, pressure, aerosols, and radiation by smartphones. To promote the development of smartphones for atmospheric measurement, future research should focus on mechanism study, available sources exploration, data quality control, big data processing, joining and matching with operation, research and service, etc.     

贵州泥堡金矿床构造蚀变体岩相学及地球化学特征

贵州泥堡金矿构造蚀变体(SBT)为产出于茅口组(P_2m)和龙潭组(P_3l)或峨眉山玄武岩(P_3β)之间沉积间断面-不整合界面附近的一套硅质蚀变岩石组合。采用光学显微镜及ICP-MS研究SBT样品岩相学及元素地球化学特征,结果显示,SBT矿石样品中主要矿物有石英、黄铁矿、褐铁矿、萤石、白云石和辉锑矿等,蚀变类型主要为黄铁矿化、白云石化和硅化,微观结构主要为砂状、岩屑-凝灰碎屑结构、交代结构等,构造主要有浸染状、块状、角砾状、条带状和脉状构造。SBT微量元素标准化曲线以Au、As、Sb、Hg、Te的强烈富集,Li、Sc、Cr的亏损和Cd、Ta的富集为特征。稀土元素CI球粒陨石标准化配分模式图表现为轻稀土富集的右倾型,LREE/HREE为6. 98～19. 91,"四分组"效应明显,重稀土分馏不明显,解释为受热液作用强烈; SBT微量元素标准化图及稀土元素配分曲线均表现出与围岩相似,表明继承了原岩的元素组成;δEu为0. 80～1. 84,显示Eu从明显负异常到明显的正异常;δCe为0. 72～1. 25,显示Ce从明显负异常到弱正异常,认为流体来源于深部或至少经历过对富含斜长石源区的水-岩反应,而不是含矿地层的改造热液。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷梧桐沟组层序地层划分

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系梧桐沟组作为一套重要的储集岩,具有良好的油气成藏前景,但对其层序划分及地层沉积样式的认识一直存在争议。在构造背景分析的基础上,结合岩芯、测井及地震资料,对研究区梧桐沟组层序地层划分及地层沉积样式研究表明,梧桐沟组沉积时期构造强度较弱,地形较为平缓,地层在全区稳定分布;中晚二叠世盆地发生造山运动,吉木萨尔凹陷东南边缘区域经过构造抬升,上部地层遭受不同程度的剥蚀,形成了现今"底平顶削"的地层样式。以凹陷中部少数地层保存较全的井的地层叠加样式分析为基础,通过井-震结合识别不同类型界面,特别是最大湖泛面,建立了区域层序地层格架,即梧桐沟组为一个完整的长期基准面旋回(三级层序),并在其内部识别出5个中期旋回。梧桐沟组地层在不同的层序发育时期表现出不同的旋回叠加样式:下段沉积时期,即最大湖泛面以下,随着可容纳空间的增大,地层表现为明显的退积叠加样式;上段沉积时期,即最大湖泛面以上,随着可容纳空间的减小,地层表现为明显的进积叠加样式,符合沉积物体积分配原理。     

内蒙古曹四夭钼矿区花岗斑岩地球化学特征及地质意义

曹四夭钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘凉城断隆东侧,其矿化与多期次侵位的花岗质杂岩体具有密切的时间和空间联系。杂岩体的岩石类型包括:少斑状花岗斑岩、多斑状花岗斑岩、中细粒花岗岩、二长花岗斑岩和正长花岗斑岩等;前人的锆石U-Pb法测年数据表明,矿区岩浆活动可以分为155 Ma、149~140 Ma、134~131 Ma三个期次。本次研究获得矿区少斑状花岗斑岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测年加权平均年龄为167Ma±1.2Ma,反映矿区可能还存在较早期的岩浆活动(中-晚侏罗世),其可与155 Ma岩浆岩划分为矿区早期的岩浆活动。花岗斑岩体具有高酸度、高钾和高铝质含量特征,总体属于酸性富钾钙碱性系列;花岗斑岩体含铝指数(A/CNK)介于1.20~2.49之间,Tb、Nd、Ga和LREE(Eu除外)富集,Eu、Ti、Sr、P亏损,属于高度分异的A型花岗岩系列。曹四夭花岗斑岩体形成于中-晚侏罗世构造机制转化时期,可能与蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合后的后造山伸展有关,为晚侏罗世钼多金属矿化的母岩。     

智能网格能见度实况融合格点分析产品在一次大雾天气过程中的评估

采用邻近插值和双线性插值方法,将国家气象信息中心研发的能见度实况融合格点分析产品插值到四川省156个国家级考核站,选取2018年11月25日四川盆地一次大雾天气过程,对其在四川盆地的适用性进行评估.结果 表明,该产品误差普遍在5km范围内,随着海拔的增加,逐渐由低估转为高估;分级检验为:30km以上能见度的误差最大,随着能见度的下降,误差也逐渐下降.大雾过程中,产品能监测低能见度天气,表现出落区的变化,能见度在30km以上时,格点实况以高估为主,30km以下时随着能见度的降低,格点实况从低估逐渐转为高估.     

Analysis of estimated satellite clock biases and their effects on precise point positioning

This study provides a systemic analysis to identify the biases in estimated satellite clocks and illustrates their effects in precise point positioning (PPP). First, the precise satellite clock estimation method considering pseudorange and carrier phase hardware delays is derived. Two methods for satellite clock estimation are compared, and their equivalency is discussed. The results show that apart from the well-known constant code hardware biases, the time-variant phase hardware biases are also absorbed by the estimated clocks. Also, the satellite clocks contain biases caused by modeling errors. To analyze the effects of these biases, they are grouped into initial clock biases (ICBs) and time-dependent biases (TDBs). Then, a detailed analysis of the impact of the biases on PPP-based troposphere and coordinate estimates is conducted. The experimental analysis demonstrates that TDBs affect positioning and tropospheric estimates, and their impacts are more significant in the static mode. The ICBs affect coordinate accuracy, zenith total delay mean bias, and its standard deviations only at the millimeter level for kinematic and static PPP, which is negligible. However, the ICBs affect the convergence period for both static and real kinematic PPP, and the magnitude of their impact largely depends on data quality. Note that satellites clocks are generally estimated with the P1/P2 and L1/L2 ionospheric-free combinations, and that hardware-specific parts of ICBs and TDBs cancel if users employ the same type of observables as the clock providers. Otherwise, the effects of biases cannot be ignored, especially for triple-frequency applications. Also, modeling-specific parts of ICBs and TDBs are significant in real-time clocks, which also affect user applications. Our conclusion is applicable for understanding the effects of these biases.     

Examining human heat stress with remote sensing technology

Heat stress as an environmental hazard which can seriously affect productivity, health, or even survival of individuals has long been studied. Despite the endeavors that have been made to address the issue quantitatively with various heat stress indices, they are often measured at scatter sites. This research devotes to revealing human heat stress within continuous space with remote sensing technology. The study began with the retrieval of dry-bulb temperature from land surface temperature (LST) with empirical models. As wet-bulb temperature was calculated from dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, discomfort index (DI) as an indicator of heat stress was revealed for the study area at 1 km spatial resolution for three summer days. Results indicated that DI can be derived within continuous space with remotely sensed data, and its spatial distribution can be dramatically affected by relative humidity. Further comparison between DI and LST indicated that LST as a widely utilized indicator of surface thermal condition fails to address human heat stress as environmental factors such as relative humidity are not taken into account.     

测井地质学前世、今生与未来——写在《测井地质学·第二版》出版之时

测井地质学以地质学和测井学的方法理论为指导,综合运用各种测井信息,来解决基础地质和石油地质的地质问题。经过数十年发展,测井地质学在油气勘探开发各个环节得到广泛应用。非常规油气的兴起使得测井地质学正面临多重挑战和全新探索,亟需建立针对非常规油气的测井地质学综合方法理论体系。本文以《测井地质学·第二版》出版为契机,系统归纳了测井地质学的起源及发展历程、主要研究内容和研究方法流程。然后总结了测井资料与地震、地质信息的匹配性,并分析了不同探测特性测井方法纵向分辨率区间特征。在此基础上评述了测井地质学在井旁构造解析、沉积学特征研究、层序地层划分、地应力方向判别及大小计算、井壁裂缝识别与评价、烃源岩评价以及非常规油气“七性关系”综合评价当中的应用。但由于测井资料的负载能力有限性、测井与地质信息属性不对应性以及测井资料本身的多解性,使得测井地质学在测井—地质转换、非常规油气测井评价及其与人工智能融合方面还存在一定的问题。因此加强基础岩石物理研究,挖掘测井曲线中包含的地质信息,并与人工智能相结合,将拓展测井地质学研究的精度和广度,从而使其未来可更好地应用至非常规油气测井评价等实践工作中。     

Identification of the Main Control Factors and Failure Modes for the Failure of Baiyuzui Landslide Control Project

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The failure of landslide control project presents a deformation that continues to develop along the crack system, and the continuous failure of mechanical...