海岸线及其测绘技术探讨

海岸线是人类所使用的最古老的边界线之一,然而,由于其动态特征,加之当今社会对海岸带的需求越来越多,这条边界线的位置存在争议,因而,如何使用客观手段测绘海岸线尤为重要。文中针对海岸线定义及其位置确定不明确的现状,指出海岸线定义存在的问题,给出完善定义的意见;分析海岸线常规的测绘方法,探讨海岸线精确测绘的新方法和技术。     

基于COSMIC掩星探测资料的云底高反演研究

本文基于相对湿度廓线进入云层时的突变实现云底高反演的思想,采用2008年11月至2009年1月的COSMIC掩星湿空气数据反演全球云底高度,并与探空资料反演结果进行对比分析,得出以下重要结论:(1)当温度－40 ℃t<0 ℃时,分别将云看作水云与冰云进行云底高反演,对比反演结果表明,该温度范围内若把云相态当作纯液相将造成高云及多层云的漏检测;(2)掩星对云底较低的低云云底高的反演效果不如探空仪,但对高云及多层云有更好的检测能力,且掩星反演结果普遍大于探空仪;(3)为深入分析掩星与探空仪同时检测到有云时的云底高反演差异,按照云层数相同与不同分别进行讨论.当云层数相同时,通过计算反演结果的平均偏差与标准偏差,发现二者在低纬地区差异最大,而且单层云的偏差较大,但多层云中三层云与四层云的反演结果比较一致;当云层数不同时,掩星检测的单层云在探空仪检测结果中"破裂"为多层云,导致二者反演结果存在较大偏差.     

Optimum size and density of surface grid arrays for retrieving accurate shear-tensile fracturing of microearthquakes

Surface arrays became an important tool for monitoring the induced seismicity in hydraulic fracturing experiments and for assessing the impact of fluid injection on the fracturing process of microearthquakes. The layout of sensors plays a key role in this task because it controls the accuracy of event locations and retrieved seismic moment tensors. We simulate various configurations of grid sensor arrays characterized by a different number of sensors, array span, sensor spacing, depth of sources and various shear/tensile source mechanisms of events. The moment tensor inversion is carried out using synthetically calculated P-wave amplitudes with added random noise. A bias in the solutions is evaluated by errors in the double-couple percentage of inverted moment tensors because the double-couple errors inform us about the sensitivity of the network to detect the shear/tensile fracturing mode of induced microearthquakes. The results show that the accuracy of the double-couple percentage is mostly controlled by the offset-to-depth ratio R defined as the ratio of half of the network size to the event depth. The optimum value of R is in the range of 0.75–1.5 irrespective of the type of the focal mechanism. If 121 (11 × 11) sensors are distributed in a regular grid and recorded data are characterized by a 10% random noise, the double-couple error is less than 6%. This error increases, if R is not optimum or if the number of sensors is reduced. However, even sparse arrays with 49 (7 × 7) or 16 (4 × 4) sensors can yield a reasonable accuracy, provided the surface grid arrays are designed to have an optimum size.     

粘弹性组合介质中应力波的数值模型

对分块均匀和各向同性的粘弹性介质,本文提出一种适于应力波数值计算的守恒型有限元法,旨在用以研究各类地质体（包括油、气藏）对于地震波的响应。     

提高地磁绝对观测数据精度的有效途径

经过长期观察发现用CZM-2型核旋仪(及其同类仪器)进行定点观测读数时,运用分量仪线圈“单向”旋转的方法进行分量观测,再加上做好一些其它辅助措施,能够充分消除人为因素和仪器本身误差所带来的影响,明显提高仪器的观测精度,达到使观测资料更加准确的目的。     

杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义

对杭州城区四个不同功能区块土壤进行了系统的环境磁学测定,结果表明城市土壤的磁化率平均值为128×10-8m3·kg-1,频率磁化率平均值3.6%(样品数=182),城市土壤呈现明显的磁性增强. 城市土壤的磁化率与频率磁化率呈极显著指数负相关,表明城市土壤磁性增强明显区别于自然成土过程引起的以超顺磁性(SP)颗粒为主的表土磁性增强机理. 统计分析表明,城市土壤磁化率与软剩磁和饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)呈显著直线正相关,说明亚铁磁性矿物是城市土壤剩余磁性的主要载体. 综合等温剩磁获得曲线、热磁曲线、磁滞回线等岩石磁学测定和SEM/EDX分析,城市土壤的磁性矿物以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴（PSD-MD）颗粒存在,粒度明显大于成土过程形成的磁性颗粒,这些磁性颗粒主要来自燃料燃烧、汽车尾气等环境污染物. 因此,城市土壤磁测可作为城市土壤污染监测、污染空间分布和污染物来源判断的新手段.     

GPS中BOC调制的FPGA实现

GPS系统中提出了一种新的信号形式,二进制偏移载波(BOC)调制是这种新的信号形式产生的技术关键。首先介绍了BOC调制的定义及其频谱特性,然后阐述了基于FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)硬件平台的BOC调制实现方法,并给出了仿真波形。结果表明,该实现方法是值得提倡的。     

夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征及对降水影响

基于高空间分辨率0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料、TRMM 3B43 Version7数据、气象站点实测数据等多源数据,本文采用一种新的流域边界水汽通量概化和提取方法,揭示了夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征,并分析了其对降水时空分异的影响。研究表明,在高黎贡山南部、北部,伯舒拉岭北部及念青唐古拉山中部,有4支区域性水汽输送高值区,多年平均输送通量分别达102.6 kg/(m·s)、66.3 kg/(m·s)、39.7 kg/(m·s)和41.3 kg/(m·s)。多支水汽输送不仅深刻影响流域水汽输送格局,而且对降水时空分异也有不同程度影响。年际变化上,中下游横断山区水汽输送对降水的影响较小,上游青藏高原区影响较大,尤其以那曲—比如—索县一带影响最为显著。空间分布上,流域降水与水汽输送通量呈显著正相关,受多支水汽输送影响形成多个区域性多雨带。     

Incorporating uncertainty into the estimation of biological reference points for a spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) fishery

The status of a fishery is often defined as the probability of fishing mortality rate exceeding a perilous level for long‐term sustainability. Lobster stock assessments are often subject to large uncertainty in input data and high levels of natural variability in lobster life history processes, which calls for incorporating uncertainty associated with both indicator and management reference points in an evaluation of biological risk of overfishing. Using a Monte Carlo simulation approach, we evaluated the impacts of uncertainty in modelling on the determination of the status of the Taitung spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) fishery (Taiwan), which has not been quantitatively determined despite its commercial importance. The commonly used biological reference points derived from the per recruit model (F _0.1 the fishing mortality rate where the slope of the curve of yield‐per‐recruit model is 10% of the maximum slope and F _4Q%, the fishing mortality rate that reduces the expected egg production for a cohort of female lobsters to 40% of that produced in the absence of a fishery of the egg‐per‐recruit model) were influenced by uncertainties associated with lobster life history and fishery parameters. A large uncertainty in the current fishing mortality rate (F _cnr) and estimates of biological reference points (F _BRPs) increased the uncertainty in determining the risk of overexploitation throughout the confidence levels of the stochastic decision‐making framework. This simulation study suggests that the target reference point of F _40% is less sensitive to the input parameters’ uncertainty than F _0.1 We suggest a further evaluation of other F‐based references points and development of biomass‐based reference points before final selection and implementation for the management of the Taitung lobster fishery.     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫与细菌的弱耦合关系

A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.