The effect of terrain factors on rice production: A case study in Hunan Province

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop of China, and its production is related to both natural condition and human activities. It is fundamental...     

南海大洋钻探及海洋地质与地球物理前沿研究新突破

南海是西太平洋地区规模最大且具有代表性的边缘海盆地之一。经过近几十年的研究积累,尤其是通过实施5个国际大洋钻探航次(1999–2018年)与国家自然科学基金委“南海深海过程演变”重大研究计划(2011–2019年),我国科学家获得了大量宝贵的第一手资料,取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破,标志着南海海洋地质与地球物理研究正走向国际前沿。重要研究成果包括:(1)新提出南海是“板缘张裂”盆地,与经典的大西洋型陆缘模式不同;(2)大洋钻探首次获取了基底玄武岩样品,结合中国在南海首次深拖地磁测量实验,精确测定了南海海盆玄武岩年龄,揭示南海海盆从东向西分段扩张;(3)大洋钻探结果发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初岩浆迅速出现,未发现缓慢破裂造成的蛇纹岩出露;(4)发现南海扩张结束后仍存在大量岩浆活动,可能受控于多种构造与地幔因素;(5)地球化学证据与地球动力学模拟都显示南海岩浆的形成受到周边俯冲带的影响。目前我国的海洋地球科学正在进入崭新的发展阶段,有望以南海为基点,开始拓展到周边大洋,通过主导大型研究计划以及建设我国大洋钻探平台,以提升我国在南海、西太平洋与印度洋海洋地质科学研究的实质性影响力与引领地位。     

秦皇岛近岸海域绿藻微观繁殖体的分布以及在绿潮形成中的作用

2015年以来,秦皇岛近岸海域暴发了绿潮,对北戴河旅游区的环境和生态系统造成了严重影响。绿藻微观繁殖体在绿潮的形成过程中起到重要作用,主要包括孢子、配子、幼苗和营养片段。绿藻微观繁殖体作为绿潮的“种源”,其分布规律可以反映绿潮的“藻源”位置。本研究于2016年4-9月和2017年1月对秦皇岛近岸海域绿藻微观繁殖体的调查,探究了其分布规律以及生物量变化。结果显示,绿藻微观繁殖体主要分布在近岸海域,由近岸向远岸海域逐渐降低。绿藻微观繁殖体的数量在7、8月份最高,在冬季最低。受绿潮影响严重的海域微观繁殖体数量高于其它海域。秦皇岛近岸海域的绿藻微观繁殖体为该海域绿潮的种源,其分布规律表明秦皇岛近岸海域绿潮起源于本地。     

地震后水汽异常变化初探

研究东日本地震、汶川地震和玉树地震震中及其附近区域在地震前后的水汽时间序列变化。首先分析震中MODIS水汽序列和震中附近探空站点水汽序列在地震前后的变化;然后基于GNSS ZTD与水汽之间的高相关性,以GNSS ZTD代替GNSS水汽,讨论震源区周围IGS站点的ZTD序列变化。研究发现,震后震中及其附近区域水汽值变化出现异常,且距离越近所受影响越大;水汽不断聚积,达到峰值后发生降水。     

生态系统服务弹性敏感性系数的合理性与决策属性探讨

在经济学弹性基本概念的基础之上,采用数学推导的方式重点探讨3种生态系统服务弹性敏感性评价模型的合理性与决策属性。研究结果表明：① Kreuter敏感性系数大小始终为0~1;在极限形式下,生态系统服务价值变率函数与Kreuter敏感性系数具有相同的数学表达式与值域;所以这两种敏感性评价模型把1作为是否敏感的评价标准并不合适。生态系统服务交叉敏感性系数不符合一般意义上的“交叉敏感性”的概念,并且其计算公式不符合弹性的基本定义。② 弹性敏感性计算方式适用于随机变量间的研究,不适用于具有确定性关系的变量;生态系统服务框架下的3种弹性敏感性系数均建立在具有确定性关系的生态系统服务价值计算公式的基础之上,导致其敏感性计算结果缺乏深层次的决策属性。     

Experimental study on wide-shallow composite bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine under cyclic loading

As an appropriate type of foundation for offshore wind turbines (OWTs), wide-shallow composite bucket foundation (WSCBF) is cost-competitive, and it has a unique and special substructure that comprises seven internal rooms arranged in a honeycomb-like structure. In this study, the cyclic behavior of WSCBF for OWTs embedded in saturated clay was investigated using a large-scale model subjected to lateral cyclic loading. The responses of foundation under constant- and various-amplitude cyclic loadings were recorded in terms of displacements, rotations, and bending moments. The variations in stiffness and damping were obtained, and a collaborative bearing mechanical model between the bucket and soil was considered, which was beneficial for improving the stiffness of the whole structure. Accumulative deformation was found to have little effect on the bearing capacity of the foundation. Dynamic analysis in frequency domain was further performed on both moment and rotation data, and the complex, frequency-dependent impedance was also studied.     

实时卫星钟差基准精化方法

在基于精密单点定位(PPP)的授时方法中,卫星钟差产品的高精度时间基准至关重要.针对实时卫星钟差产品时间基准不够稳定的问题,本文采用一组具有原子钟外部输入的国际全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)服务(IGS)跟踪站建立了顾及原子钟变化特性的基准精化方法.该方法首先采用阿伦方差对不同的IGS跟踪站外接原子钟进行稳定度分析,挑选出一组稳定度高的原子钟用以精化时间基准.在此基础上,利用阿伦方差分析各台原子钟的噪声参数特征,并确定不同原子钟之间的权比关系.最终,建立时间基准改正量的随机模型,并计算出精化后的时间基准.通过实例验证表明:与IGS事后精密钟差产品定义的时间基准比较,改正后的实时钟差基准单天内的标准差(STD)优于0.1 ns,相比于改正前最高提升了93%.同时,基准改正后的天内万秒稳达到10^-15量级,实现了一个量级的提高.此外,通过相对钟差精度的分析,表明钟差基准修正不影响PPP的定位精度.     

SAR image despeckling with a multilayer perceptron neural network

Speckle noise in synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images severely hinders remote sensing applications; therefore, the appropriate removal of speckle noise is crucial. This paper elaborates on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural-network model for SAR image despeckling by using a time series of SAR images. Unlike other filtering methods that use only a single radar intensity image to derive their parameters and filter that single image, this method can be trained using archived images over an area of interest to self-learn the intensity characteristics of image patches and then adaptively determine the weights and thresholds by using a neural network for image despeckling. Several hidden layers are designed for feedforward network training, and back-propagation stochastic gradient descent is adopted to reduce the error between the target output and neural-network output. The parameters in the network are automatically updated in the training process. The greatest advantage of MLP is that once the despeckling parameters are determined, they can be used to process not only new images in the same area but also images in completely different locations. Tests with images from TerraSAR-X in selected areas indicated that MLP shows satisfactory performance with respect to noise reduction and edge preservation. The overall image quality obtained using MLP was markedly higher than that obtained using numerous other filters. In comparison with other recently developed filters, this method yields a slightly higher image quality, and it demonstrates the powerful capabilities of computer learning using SAR images, which indicate the promising prospect of applying MLP to SAR image despeckling.     

中国锂矿的多旋回深循环内外生一体化成矿理论及其找矿应用

中国锂资源的分布具有卤水型与硬岩型相伴相随、若即若离的特点。“多旋回深循环内外生一体化”成锂理论,在多年三稀金属矿产找矿实践和理论研究的基础上不断丰富完善。中国锂矿的形成与“多旋回”构造运动密切相关,从前寒武纪到新生代均有成矿潜力,可构成一个完整的多旋回成矿谱系。锂的“深循环”,一是锂深度参与成岩成矿的物质循环;二是需要一个“圈闭”的构造背景将锂“捕获”以避免其过度分散,锂从开始加入到岩浆与最终定位的深度之差,是硬岩型锂矿成矿的关键之一,压差越大越有利于伟晶岩型锂矿的形成。大量锂矿实例显示锂的物质循环是“内外生一体化”的统一过程,高海拔地区(山上)的含锂地质体(花岗岩类甚至直接就是含锂矿床)经风化剥蚀之后,可能成为沉积型锂矿的物质来源之一;而富含锂的沉积岩经过埋藏、变质、深熔也可以形成含锂的岩浆岩、伟晶岩。我国西部塔里木盆地、四川盆地、扎布耶盆地及东部的江汉盆地、吉泰盆地、周田盆地等大小不一的盆地均含锂,而其周边造山带中也不同程度发育硬岩型锂矿,这就为区域找矿指明了方向。“多旋回深循环内外生一体化”成锂理论是三稀矿产成矿理论的重要组成部分,为我国锂矿找矿工作提供了指导和借鉴,在甲基卡、可尔因、阿尔金、幕阜山等锂矿矿集区的找矿实践中发挥了积极作用。     

Effects of salinity fluctuation amplitudes on growth, osmolarity, Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck

The effects of various salinity fluctuation amplitudes (2, 4, 6 and 8) on the growth, osmolarity, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis cultured in seawater with a salinity of 20 were studied. The results show that weight gain in the salinity fluctuation treatments was better than that in control; in particular, the weight gain of treatments S4 and S0, at 231.8% and 196.3%, respectively, was significantly different (P<0.05). The hemolymph osmolarity of treatments S0, S2, S4, S6 and S8 was 635.4, 630.8, 623.6, 614.4 and 600.3 mOsm/kg, respectively, and decreased with increasing salinity fluctuation amplitude. The level of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in gills of F. chinensis was higher than that in hepatopancreas, but there were no significant differences among all treatments, either in gills or hepatopancreas (P>0.05). The relative level of Hsp70 in treatment S4 was 48.4% and 40.4% higher than control in muscle and eyestalks, respectively, with the highest values being recorded under a salinity fluctuation amplitude of 4.