基于水库调蓄的黄河干流水体交换时间研究(英文)

This note analyzes the change in water renewal time characteristics based on res-ervoir action and then establishes calculation models for the water renewal time in the Yellow River mainstream. The results indicate that the amount of renewable water with reservoir action can meet the annual water demand and that water flows naturally at the Lijin station near estuary. Initial storage dynamics is an important factor in water resource renewable capacity at a certain time, and rational reservoir action can promote sustainable water re-source utilization. When the initial storages in the Longyang Gorge reservoir are 9.343 and 5.343 billion m3, the water renewal times are 28 and 33.9 d, respectively. Flow stoppage ap-pears in April and May.     

Influence of air masses on particle number concentration and size distribution at Mt. Waliguan, Qinghai Province, China

Particle size distribution of 12–500 nm was measured at Mt. Waliguan, China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory, from Aug. in 2005 to May in 2007. 72-hr back-trajectories at 100-m arrival height above ground level for the same period were calculated at 6:00, 12:00, and 21:00 (Beijing Time) for each day using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT-4) model developed by NOAA/ARL. It was found that air mass sources significantly impact particle number concentration and size distribution at Mt. Waliguan. Cluster analysis of back-trajectories show that higher Aitken mode particle number concentration was observed when air masses came from or passed by the northeastern section of Mt. Waliguan, with short trajectory length. High number concentration of nucleation mode was associated with air masses from clean regions, with long trajectory length     

基于分形维数权重的泥石流危险度评价

泥石流危险度评价是一个复杂的不确定系统问题,为了准确评价泥石流所处的危险度状态,进而为泥石流的防治提供科学依据,提出了基于分形维数权重的泥石流危险度评价方法.该方法首先选取影响泥石流危险度评价的10个主要因素,根据分类标准,采用在每级标准中随机内插的方法,得到40个标准样本,用于构建泥石流危险度评价的分形一插值模型;其次根据最大似然分类原则确定每个泥石流指标的评价分维数;然后利用加权求和法计算样本的综合评价值,并根据样本综合评价值与经验等级之间的关系建立分形插值评价模型;最后,通过实例分析表明:该方法的评价结果是准确和可靠的,与采用其他分类方法所得结论一致.此外,该模型可以得出每个样本的具体得分值,即使对属于同一级的样本也可以排出它们的优劣顺序,因而具有较高的分类精度,为泥石流危险度评价提供了一种较好的新方法.     

翠湖湿地公园水域生物多样性保护与成效

探讨了北京市海淀区翠湖国家城市湿地公园的水域生物多样性及保护方法,论证了生物防治藻类、高等植被恢复等基于物质循环再生原理的方法对水域生物多样性恢复的效果。实践表明,人工湿地污水净水系统、以营养环节来控制水体富营养化的生物水体防治方法,对翠湖湿地的水质有明显的净化、保护和提升作用,对水域生物多样性的保护起到了积极的作用。     

不同林龄抑螺防病林林分内钉螺种群分布特点的研究——以安庆市大观区沿江滩地为例

对安庆沿江滩地杨树林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛等5个植被类型区的钉螺分布状况进行了调查,研究了不同植被类型区钉螺的形态指标和阳性率。结果表明:①成熟杨树林地、中龄杨树林地均无钉螺分布;杨树幼林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛螺口密度分别为4只/0.11m2、5只/0.11m2、7只/0.11m2。②杨树幼林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛所获钉螺样本的阴阳性检测,没有被血吸虫感染,均为阴性。③江滩营造抑螺防病林是改变钉螺孳生环境及人工控制钉螺种群密度的最有效途径之一。     

快速工业化背景下漳浦县旅游空间布局思考

漳浦县基于建设海峡西岸经济区和ECFA等政策机遇,依托大型石化项目和闽台特色农业项目合作的快速工业化,推进其国民经济迅速发展和产业结构转型升级,同时也给旅游业发展带来了政策、资金、基础设施完善和发展等机遇及旅游环境质量下降的潜在风险。"十二五"期间,快速工业化背景下,漳浦县旅游业发展应继续深化滨海火山旅游和闽台特色农业文化旅游两大特色,根据"点-轴"理论和增长极理论,结合县域功能区和空间布局调整,建立"一心两带"的功能分区和"两中心四区"的空间布局,以适应新形势的发展。     

Monitoring Mongolia Gobi dust transport using OMI data

The characteristics of long-distance dust transport from Asia to the United States over the Pacific Ocean are statistically analyzed using OMI AI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument Aerosol Index) data during 2005–2007. The results show that there is a high correlation of AI (the correlation coefficients are as high as 0.83 in March, 0.62 in April and 0.54 in May) between the Mongolia Gobi Desert and the west coast region of the United States (40°–50°N, 120°–130°W), indicating a strong source-receptor area relationship. Through calculating the lag correlation coefficient of the dust propagation time, we determined that the dust propagation time from the Mongolia Gobi Desert to the west coast of the United States is about 6–7 days at the 99% confidence level.     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.     

Study of Ecological Compensation for Paddy Fields: Oriented towards Eco-environmental Restoration

Agricultural land provides not only food and fiber (an important element of food security), but also serves as a non-market commodity with characteristic externalities and public services. However, there are also many negative impacts on environment of the paddy production. Thus, Payments for paddy ecosystem services encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agricultural practices and agro-ecological/environmental supply. However, compared with forest, wetland, and pasture, the eco-function and ecosystem services of paddy fields have gotten insufficient attention. It is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for paddy fields that boosts behavior that protects farms to benefit the ecosystem. Based on a review of eco-compensation for paddy fields, this paper proposes the policy game framework of eco-compensation for paddy fields, which is oriented to ecological restoration. Secondly, this paper introduces methods for determination of compensation standards, including the cost the farmers’ willingness to accept, and the ecological benefits of adopting environmental friendly farming practices. And finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for eco-compensation for paddy ecosystems.     

水汽吸收和下垫面发射率对晴空大气红外窗区遥感影响的综合分析

从数学上探讨了晴空大气红外窗区通道遥感陆面特性水汽吸收和陆面发射率的综合影响。首先,基于辐射传输方程推导出大气水汽含量和陆面发射率(ε)引起红外窗区通道遥感陆面亮温(Tg)变化的数学表达式,指出红外辐射在传输过程中水汽吸收衰减的影响主要是引起大气透过率的变化;分析了在高温高湿和低温干燥等不同地区,红外窗区通道的大气透过率所受到的不同程度的衰减,以及水汽吸收衰减和陆面发射率对不同的红外窗区通道的影响。此外,还建立了一个红外窗区通道遥感陆面温度与地面亮温差ΔT=(Ts-Tg,imax)与水汽含量变化Δq和陆面发射率ε的二元多项式拟合方程,进一步分析大气水汽含量和陆面发射率对不同的红外窗区通道遥感的影响;指出红外短波窗区通道不但受太阳辐射污染严重,而且受陆面发射率变化的影响激烈,特别是在寒冷干燥的亚北极冬季。最后强调,为了精确地反演陆面温度,最好采用热红外窗区通道;必须考虑大气订正,特别是在高温高湿区;同时应该考虑陆面发射率等因子的作用。