Interpreting the cross-sectional flow field in a river bank based on a genetic-algorithm two-dimensional heat-transport method (GA-VS2DH)

Interactions between surface waters and groundwater are of great significance for evaluating water resources and protecting ecosystem health. Heat as a tracer method is widely used in determination of the interactive exchange with high precision, low cost and great convenience. The flow in a river-bank cross-section occurs in vertical and lateral directions. In order to depict the flow path and its spatial distribution in bank areas, a genetic algorithm (GA) two-dimensional (2-D) heat-transport nested-loop method for variably saturated sediments, GA-VS2DH, was developed based on Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. VS2DH was applied to model a 2-D bank-water flow field and GA was used to calibrate the model automatically by minimizing the difference between observed and simulated temperatures in bank areas. A hypothetical model was developed to assess the reliability of GA-VS2DH in inverse modeling in a river-bank system. Some benchmark tests were conducted to recognize the capability of GA-VS2DH. The results indicated that the simulated seepage velocity and parameters associated with GA-VS2DH were acceptable and reliable. Then GA-VS2DH was applied to two field sites in China with different sedimentary materials, to verify the reliability of the method. GA-VS2DH could be applied in interpreting the cross-sectional 2-D water flow field. The estimates of horizontal hydraulic conductivity at the Dawen River and Qinhuai River sites are 1.317 and 0.015 m/day, which correspond to sand and clay sediment in the two sites, respectively.     

井-震标定参数分析及薄层标定——以塔里木盆地哈得四油田为例

新疆塔里木盆地哈得四（HD4）油田的主要储层东河砂岩属于薄储层,其厚度小于1/4地震波长,根据地震数据难以分辨储层的顶界和底界。为了利用声波速度对薄储层进行有效的井-震标定,从井-震标定的原理出发,以哈得四油田的井-震标定为例,分析了标定过程中子波的主频、类型和相位及声波速度对合成地震道的影响,同时分析了声波速度与叠加速度转换的层速度之间的差别。提出以参考层为标准,并对声波速度进行微调的薄储层的标定方法。参考层在研究区是一套沉积环境相对稳定、厚度较大的地层,它对应于地震剖面上的一个振幅较强、反射轴连续并易于追踪的反射界面。利用上述方法,以哈得四油田二叠系火成岩及石炭系双峰灰岩为参考层,选取与研究区地震数据吻合性最好的子波,合理地调整声波速度,对哈得四油田的主要储层东河砂岩进行井-震标定,获得了较为理想的效果。     

粤北仙石铀矿床的铅、碳、硫同位素研究

仙石铀矿床位于粤北贵东复式花岗岩体东部,矿体赋存于NWW向辉绿岩与NEE向硅化带交接部位。矿床中黄铁矿以富集放射成因铀铅为特征,3组比值分别为(^208Pb／^304Pb)．=18．756—23．883,(^207Pb／^304Pb)1=15．676～15．932,(^208Pb／^204Pb),=38．530—38．938,主要位于基底变质岩铅范围内;矿床中方解石δ^18C值为-8．5‰～-3．1‰,相似于地幔值((-5±2)‰);黄铁矿δ^18C值为-10．1‰～-8．3‰,它与花岗岩中黄铁矿δ^18C值(-10．9‰--7．1‰)相似,而与辉绿岩中黄铁矿δ^18C值(-0．03‰～2．1‰)区别明显。上述同位素特征表明仙石铀矿床的成矿物质具多源特征。     

细砂岩裂纹周围变形破坏过程及应变场分布

用扫描电镜实时观测研究了含不同方向预制裂纹的平板状砂岩试件中不同尺度上微破裂的萌生、扩展、集结和连通，以及形成宏观破裂的过程，对一些局部破裂现象进行了实时显微照相。在实验观测的基础上，利用数字图象相关程序对裂纹周围变形场进行了分析计算。研究结果表明：在裂纹开裂过程中，裂纹周围产生较强的应变集中带，其应变值远远超过单轴压缩试验中记录到的平均2％～5％的破坏应变值；而远离破裂带，应变量则低于2％～5％的破坏应变值，说明了岩石试件的破坏过程是一个非均匀的变形分布及传播过程。     

广东龙窝和白石冈岩体锆石U—Pb年代学、黑云母矿物化学及其成岩指示意义

龙窝和白石冈岩体位于近东西向展布的佛冈花岗岩带的东端,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,二者的形成年龄分别为(169.1±2.5)Ma和(157.8±2.3)Ma,它们是南岭地区燕山早期由壳幔相互作用形成的花岗质岩石的典型代表.本文在对岩体形成年龄精确测定的基础上,着重运用电子探针和原位激光探针技术,系统测定了二岩体中黑云母的主量和微量元素组成,并讨论了它们的成岩指示意义.电子探针主量元素测定结果表明,龙窝岩体中的黑云母较白石冈岩体中的黑云母富钛和镁,贫铁和铝,F、Cl等挥发组分含量低,黑云母主量元素组成指示龙窝岩体形成于相对高温氧化的介质环境.激光探针ICP-MS微量元素测定结果表明,黑云母是花岗质熔体中Rb、Ba、Nb、Ta及Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni等元素的主要载体,而U、Th、Pb、Sr、Zr、Hf、Y等元素的含量则显著低于寄主岩.花岗岩中黑云母的稀土元素含量极低,不是影响全岩稀土特征的主要矿物相.黑云母的成分特征可以有效地示踪岩浆的分异演化程度及成岩物理化学条件,也可在一定程度上反演岩浆源区性质,但后者往往要结合其它资料(特别是同位素组成),才能得出更准确的信息.     

粤北石土岭铀矿床同位素地球化学研究

石土岭铀矿床位于贵东岩体东南部与寒武纪浅变质岩接触带的内带,矿区内NWW向和NNE向基性岩脉十分发育。矿体主要赋存于帽峰岩体中,呈脉状产出,并受近EW向裂隙构造控制。沥青铀矿的U-Pb年龄(135Ma)与帽峰岩体的年龄(220Ma)相差明显,但与NWW向辉绿岩脉的年龄(143Ma)十分接近。矿石中黄铁矿的初始87Sr/86Sr值(0.71315~0.72579)介于成矿期间辉绿岩的值(0.70449~0.70632)与帽峰和下庄岩体演化至成矿时期(135Ma)的值(0.75058~0.99507)之间;黄铁矿的铅同位素组成呈线性分布,为基底变质岩铅与帽峰岩体铅及辉绿岩铅之间不同程度的混合。Sr、Pb同位素组成显示出成矿组分具多来源特征;成矿流体的δ18OH2O=2.0‰~8.1‰,δDH2O=-63‰~-51‰,反映出成矿流体主要由幔源流体组成;方解石的δ13C=-8.3‰,表明矿化剂∑CO2也来自地幔。因此,幔源流体在石土岭铀矿床的形成中具有十分重要的意义。     

Mechanical properties and permeability evolution of gas-bearing coal under phased variable speed loading and unloading

It is of great significance for the analysis and prediction of coal-gas outburst disasters to understand the mechanical properties and permeability evolution of coal and rock under conditions of stope stress evolution. In this study, mechanical tests were conducted on gas-bearing coal under four stress paths, including conventional triaxial compression (CTC), phased variable speed triaxial compression (PVSTC), unloading confining pressure (UCP), and phased variable speed unloading confining pressure (PVSUCP), simultaneously measuring the permeability in mechanical tests. The mechanical properties and permeability evolutions in gas-bearing coal under four different stress paths were compared. The obtained results show that the deviatoric stress-strain curves of gas-bearing coal under four stress paths could be divided into five stages: compaction, linear elasticity, plastic deformation, stress drop, and residual stress stage. The permeability-strain curves under four stress paths could also be divided into five stages: fast drop, slow decrease, slow increase, sharp increase, and slowed growth. Compared to the CTC conditions, the peak strain and strength of coal under PVSTC conditions increased. Furthermore, the stress drop and energy release under PVSTC were more intense at the moment of instability failure. Compared to both loading paths, the coal was damaged more rapidly under unloading paths and the damage was stronger. Additionally, among both unloading paths, the time required for the failure of coal under PVSUCP was shorter than that under UCP, while the damage under PVSUCP was stronger. The strength characteristics of the gas-bearing coal under PVSTC and PVSUCP still met the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. This preliminary study has guiding significance for the understanding of the co-occurrence mechanisms of coal-gas outburst disasters.     

素混凝土劲性水泥土复合桩承载机理分析

在软基中先施打半刚性水泥土类桩（M桩）,水泥未硬凝时再施打劲性桩,形成素混凝土劲性水泥土复合桩（MC桩）。结合工程实例,根据现场静载试验、应力监测及ABAQUS有限元计算结果,研究了素混凝土劲性水泥土复合桩的受力性状,分析总结了素混凝土劲性复合桩的承载机理。通过与常规劲性桩的比较表明：（1）素混凝土劲性水泥土复合桩呈现复合地基性状;（2）素混凝土桩身应力集中显著,沿深度急剧减小,至桩端接近为“0”,通过劲芯传递到侧壁和桩端的水泥土体中,增大了荷载作用于水泥土体的面积,使复合桩全长范围内的侧阻力和端阻力得到充分发挥;（3）素混凝土桩芯比常规劲性桩更能与水泥土协调匹配,不会刺入水泥土外芯的底端。     

渝东南地区含锰岩系沉积地球化学特征及成因机制

渝东南“大塘坡式”锰矿形成于Marinoan冰期和Sturtian冰期的间冰期,是在扬子地块东南缘“堑- 垒”式陆缘沉积盆地背景上发育的多阶段、多成因沉积型菱锰矿,成锰期明显受大地构造活动、岩浆作用(火山作用)、“黑烟窗”等热事件影响;且与Rodinia超大陆裂解导致的裂谷盆地成矿作用关系密切。冰期转换、裂谷盆地作用及锰成矿作用三者间的耦合关系明显,并呈现显著相关的沉积地球化学特征。对渝东南不同矿区、不同产状的锰矿及其围岩样品进行的相关Mn/Fe、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Ba/Sr、U/Th、Y/Ho、SiO2/Al2O3、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值分析和Co/Zn- (Co+Ni+Cu)、La/Yb- ΣREE、La/Yb- Ce/La、lgTh- lgU、La- Ce、lgTh- lgU、(Cu+Ni+Co)×10- Fe- Mn等图解分析,均指示成锰物质的深部来源,成矿受热水影响显著;此外,样品富集As、Sb、Sr、Mo、Ag、Ba、Th、U等热水沉积标识元素。锰矿样品稀土总量平均值为159×10-6,明显高于正常海相沉积阶段形成的菱锰矿稀土总量(19×10-6)。锰矿样品V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ce/La、lgCe/Ce*指示锰矿形成于缺氧环境;Mo、U等氧化- 还原敏感元素富集。成锰盆地的氧化 还原条件制约着锰矿的形成,且成矿过程是沉积、成岩、后生不同阶段矿物相转化的综合结果。锰矿成矿可分为三阶段：第一阶段为沉积期分层性海水上部氧化带MnO2沉淀物富集;第二阶段为沉积期周期性短暂的富氧底流将MnO2沉淀物带入盆地底部沉积;第三阶段为准同生 成岩期,MnO2在缺氧环境中的厌氧细菌或硫酸盐细菌作用下还原为Mn2+,同时产生OH-使底层海水或海底沉积物孔隙流体碱度升高,形成原生菱锰矿及(含)锰碳酸盐沉积物,经成岩作用进一步形成菱锰矿。     

单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态响应半解析解

基于Zienkiewicz提出的非饱和多孔介质波动理论,考虑两相流体和固体颗粒的压缩性以及惯性、黏滞和机械耦合作用,采用半解析的方法获得了一类典型边界条件下单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态响应解。首先推导出无量纲化后以位移表示的控制方程,并将其写成矩阵形式;然后,将边界条件齐次化,求解控制方程所对应的特征值问题,得到了满足齐次边界条件的特征值和相对应的特征函数。根据变异系数法并利用特征函数的正交性,得到了一系列仅黏滞耦合的关于时间的二阶常微分方程及相应的初始条件。在此基础上,运用精细时程积分法给出了常微分方程组的数值解。最后,通过若干算例验证了结果的正确性并探讨了单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态动力响应的特点。该方法可推广应用于其他典型的边界条件。