结合主动学习和词袋模型的高分二号遥感影像自动化分类

高分卫星遥感影像空间分辨率的提高,使得地物的光谱和纹理变得更加丰富和复杂,这给遥感影像的自动化分类带来严重挑战。因此,本文提出了一种结合主动学习和词袋模型的高分二号遥感影像分类方法。首先,对研究区域进行多尺度分割,建立影像分割对象集;然后,采用词袋模型构建影像对象的语义特征向量;最后,充分考虑位于分类边界的不确定性样本分布,迭代选择最优样本用于训练支持向量机,用于分类遥感影像。为了验证本文方法的有效性和稳健性,以山东省某市的高分二号遥感影像为试验数据进行了试验分析。结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效地将研究区域分为水体、地面、植被和建筑物四类,正确率达到90.6%以上。     

结合MST划分和RHMRF-FCM算法的高分辨率遥感图像分割

针对基于像素的HMRF-FCM算法抗噪性差以及对地物复杂边界分割精度低的问题,提出一种结合形状信息的静态MST区域划分和RHMRF-FCM算法的高分辨率遥感图像分割方法。该方法定义一种静态MST同质区域划分准则,借助MST能较好表达边界和形状信息、能较好抑制几何噪声的特点,解决地物复杂边界的表达和降低分割结果中几何噪声问题。首先,利用MST静态划分将图像域划分成若干个均质区域,假设每个均质区域内光谱测度服从独立同一的多元高斯分布。然后,在此基础上构建了区域隐马尔可夫随机场模型,以及建立基于信息熵和KL信息正则化项的模糊聚类目标函数。最后,采用偏微分方法对分割模型参数进行求解,从而得到全局最优分割结果。为验证本文方法,对WorldView-3高分遥感图像进行分割试验。定性、定量分析了尺度参数、光谱相似性参数和区域紧致度参数对最优分割结果的影响,并对比分析本文算法和eCognition软件中的多分辨率分割算法、分水岭算法。     

震区植被恢复初期土壤理化性质与土壤呼吸间的关系

为了解地震灾区不同恢复方式下土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸间的关系,选取2种典型气候区(干旱河谷气候区与亚热带季风气候区)为研究区,设置人工恢复、未受损、自然恢复3种恢复方式的固定样地,定期测定土壤呼吸与土壤理化性质(有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、有效磷、容重、孔隙度、电导率和pH值),并分析各因子间的相关关系。结果表明:气候类型显著影响土壤全氮、容重、孔隙度、电导率以及土壤呼吸,表现为干旱河谷气候区显著优于亚热带季风气候区;恢复方式显著影响土壤呼吸速率、有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、有效磷含量、C:P、N:P、容重、孔隙度和电导率,基本表现为未受损样地优于人工恢复样地优于自然恢复样地;二者交互作用显著影响土壤呼吸、土壤物理性质和除全磷、有效磷外主要土壤养分的流失。两种气候区土壤呼吸的影响因子不同,干旱河谷气候区主要为土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、pH值、容重和孔隙度,亚热带季风气候区主要为土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、容重和孔隙度。本研究为评价和优化西南地区灾后恢复治理措施提供一定科学依据,对其生态安全维护和生态屏障建设提供帮助。     

Net Horizontal Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Application in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×10⁹ Yuan (0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×10⁹ Yuan (0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016.     

海洋有害藻华研究进展

浮游植物不仅是食物链的基础环节,也在生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。然而,某些种类在一定条件下会过度增殖富集形成有害藻华(因造成水色变为红、绿、褐、金等颜色,所以俗称为赤潮、绿潮、褐潮、金潮等),结果严重影响当地经济、海洋生态系统、全球生物地球化学循环甚至人类健康。近年来,随着水体富营养化、全球气候变化等现象加剧,有害藻华(Harmful Algal Bloom,HAB)的暴发规模和频次呈逐年增加趋势,且相关研究已成为环境生态学领域的热点。本文主要以典型海洋HAB生物为线索,从物种分布、生物监测、主要影响因素、分子机制及防治等方面概述了近十年HAB的主要研究进展,总结了现有研究的优点和不足,并对未来HAB研究做了相关展望。近十年的研究进展主要体现在:(1)不断有新的HAB物种被发现或鉴定,HAB藻类系统分类也不断被更新;(2)鉴定、检测方法包括DNA分析、生物传感器研发应用等有较大改进;(3)藻类毒素生物合成通路的研究有一定进展;(4)在HAB生态学与海洋学研究持续发展的基础上,分子机制及现代组学发展较迅速。然而, HAB发生的关键环境诱因和生物学(特别是生化与分子)机制仍然不是很清楚,缺乏一个可用来预测HAB暴发的关键因子。笔者认为,一方面是因为HAB的复杂性、种类及生态系统的特异性,另一方面是研究缺乏系统性与完整性。因此未来有必要加强对每一个重要的HAB原因种开展系统、持续的研究,类似于生物科学领域里的模式种研究,并且有必要开展综合性的研究,如实验室单种培养、中尺度模拟及现场生态研究相结合,整合现代组学、传统生理生态学和现场实时连续观测等技术。     

一例异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)暴发性出血病病原分析

2016年6月,江苏某异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖场暴发一种传染性急性出血病,造成养殖银鲫大量死亡。为分析此次疾病病因及流行规律,本研究从发病养殖场采集患出血病的异育银鲫,从细菌、病毒及寄生虫三个方面对病原进行了分析。采用病原菌分离、组织病理学观察、超薄切片电镜观察、病毒核酸分析、回感实验等对病原进行鉴定。结果显示从发病鲫鱼体内分离到病毒一株,未发现寄生虫及细菌感染。经测序及序列分析,该病毒为鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus2,CyHV-2)病毒,组织病理学观察结果显示患病鱼的鳃和肾脏有明显病变,电镜下可观察到病鱼脾脏组织有带囊膜的球形病毒,囊膜直径约为170—200nm,病毒衣壳直径约为110—120nm,核心直径约为60nm,用组织匀浆感染鲫鱼囊胚细胞系(CGB)可稳定地观察到典型的细胞病变,用患病鱼组织匀浆液人工感染异育银鲫的死亡率高达100%,荧光定量PCR检测到该病毒可感染多器官,其中以脾脏中病毒含量最高,其次是脑,肝脏中最少。本研究可为CyHV-2的诊断防控及疫苗研制提供资料。     

南海东北部陆架边缘第四纪高分辨率层序地层和沉积体系演化及其控制因素

The northeastern shelf margin of the South China Sea(SCS) is characterized by the development of large scale foresets complexes since Quaternary. Based on integral analysis of the seismic, well logging and paleontological data, successions since ～3.0 Ma can be defined as one composite sequence, consist of a set of regional transgressive to regressive sequences. They can be further divided into six 3 rd order sequences(SQ0–SQ5) based on the Exxon sequence stratigraphic model. Since ～1.6 Ma, five sets of deltaic systems characterized by development of wedge-shaped foresets complexes or clinoforms had been identified. High-resolution seismic data and the thick foresets allowed further divided of sub-depositional sequences(4 th order) of regression to transgression, which is basically consistent with published stacked benthic foram O-isotope records. Depositional systems identified in the study area include deltaic deposits(inner-shelf deltas and shelf-edge deltas), incised valleys, and slope slumping massive deposits. Since ～1.6 Ma, clinoforms prograded from the southern Panyu Lower Uplift toward the northern Baiyun Depression, shelf slope break migrated seaward, whereas the shelf edge of SQ0 migrated landward. The development of incised valleys in the continental shelf increased upward,especially intensive on the SB3 and SB2. The slumping massive deposits increased abruptly since SB2, which corresponds to the development of incised valleys. The evolution of depositional systems of continental slope mainly controlled by the combined influence of sea level changes, tectonic movements, sediment supply and climate changes. Since ～3.0 Ma, relative sea level of the northern SCS had been experienced transgression(～3.0 Ma BP) to regression(～1.6 Ma BP). The regional regression and maximum transgressions of the composite sequences were apparently enhanced by uplift or subsidence related to tectono-thermal events. In addition,climatic variations including monsoon intensification and the mid-Pleistocene transition may have enhanced sediment supply by increasing erosion rate and have an indispensable influence on the development of the incised valleys and 5 sets of deltaic systems since ～1.6 Ma.     

Seasonal response of surface wind to SST perturbation in the Northern Hemisphere

The seasonal response of surface wind speed to sea surface temperature(SST)change in the Northern Hemisphere was investigated using 10 years(2002-2011)high-resolution satellite observations and reanalysis data.The results showed that correlation between surface wind speed perturbations and SST perturbations exhibits remarkable seasonal variation,with more positive correlation is stronger in the cold seasons than in the warm seasons.This seasonality in a positive correlation between SST and surface wind speed is attributable primarily to seasonal changes of oceanic and atmospheric background conditions in frontal regions.The mean SST gradient and the prevailing surface winds are strong in winter and weak in summer.Additionally,the eddy-induced response of surface wind speed is stronger in winter than in summer,although the locations and numbers of mesoscale eddies do not show obvious seasonal features.The response of surface wind speed is apparently due to stability and mixing within the marine atmospheric boundary layer(MABL),modulated by SST perturbations.In the cold seasons,the stronger positive(negative)SST perturbations are easier to increase(decrease)the MABL height and trigger(suppress)momentum vertical mixing,contributing to the positive correlation between SST and surface wind speed.In comparison,SST perturbations are relatively weak in the warm seasons,resulting in a weak response of surface wind speed to SST changes.This result holds for each individual region with energetic eddy activity in the Northern Hemisphere.     

两郧断裂郧县盆地段地质与地球物理特征研究

通过野外地质调查,结合地球物理探测手段,研究两郧断裂郧县盆地段地质与地球物理特征;参照两郧断裂带多个位置采集断层物质的SEM、TL测试成果,并结合本次对断层上断点沉积物OSL测年数据,对两郧断裂该段第四纪活动性进行分析。研究结果表明,两郧断裂在郧县盆地段埋深相对较深;断裂特征主要为逆断层,部分分支断裂显示为正断性质;断裂带最新活动时代为中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期。     

江河入海流量在线监测不确定度评估方法研究与应用

鉴于国内目前缺少流量在线监测不确定性评估方面的研究,针对江河入海流量在线监测过程中可能产生的各种不确定性,本文采用不确定度概念对不确定性进行评估,给出了不确定度的主要来源、各来源不确定度的评估方法,以及江河入海流量在线监测总不确定度评估模型,并应用该模型对辽河入海流量在线监测的不确定度进行了评估。