闽南沿海地区低能见度事件变化特征分析

利用2005-2010年闽南沿海地区9个气象站(厦门、同安、漳州、东山、漳浦、龙海、诏安、晋江和崇武)的日常观测能见度、相对湿度等气象资料,采用统计方法,探讨了闽南沿海地区低能见度事件的年、季和日变化等变化特征规律.分析发现,闽南沿海地区低能见度事件的年平均能见度一般在6 km左右,且低能见度在霾时总体要好于(轻)雾时;上半年低能见度事件持续时间较长且多发,下半年低能见度事件持续时间短且出现频率低于上半年.通常,08时的能见度最差,14时和20时转好,02时的能见度较08时要好,只有沿海测站东山站和崇武站在冬春季02时能见度较08时差.霾是造成闽南沿海地区出现低能见度事件的主要原因,(轻)雾次之,反映出该地区经济快速发展对能见度的影响.     

一次致灾大暴雪的多尺度系统配置及落区分析

利用高时空分辨率T6390场预报资料、FY-2C卫星资料和Doppler雷达产品,详细分析了2010年2月23日发生在新疆天山北坡中部致灾大暴雪的多尺度系统和物理量场配置以及发生时间和落区.结果表明,南北支短波槽的合并、加强使得冷暖空气强烈交汇是造成大暴雪的主要环流背景,低空急流、辐合线和切变线是大暴雪的主要触发机制,低空急流输送的大量水汽和高低空急流的有利配合有助于低层上升运动加强,为暴雪强度的增强提供了有利条件.大暴雪发生在南北支短波槽交汇处、高空急流入口区右后方辐散区、低空西南暖湿急流出口区左侧辐合区、辐合线前部、切变线南侧以及地面冷锋附近的重叠区域内.大暴雪期间中高层辐散大于中低层辐合,上升运动强盛且深厚,水汽辐合强烈、湿层深厚.中-α和中-β尺度冷云团是造成大暴雪的主要系统,降雪强度、范围和持续时间与冷云团强度、面积及其生命史呈正相关,大暴雪发生在冷云团内部局地增强及强中心维持阶段,并位于TBB≤-65℃的中-α尺度和TBB≤-70℃的中-β尺度冷云团边缘的TBB梯度最大处.强降雪时段雷达回波呈带状分布,回波移动方向与带状长轴方向一致,使得降雪时间较长;回波强度演变、强中心范围与降雪量分布及强降雪中心范围基本一致,强降雪中心的回波强度达35～40 dBz,回波强度梯度大,“S”形速度场曲率大,垂直累积液态水含量有短时的跃增过程,回波演变具有短时弱对流特征.     

统计方法与淹没模型结合的山洪灾害风险评估方法及其应用

本文针对有水位资料,但没有流量观测的流域,同时又有历史罕见洪水记载、流域断面洪水警戒水位和自动站记载的近年几次小洪水过程,采用统计分析方法确定雨 洪关系,得到致灾临界雨量;再应用淹没模型模拟洪水淹没情况,得到洪水的风险等级评估。通过对历史特大山洪个例的淹没反演,可以看到由数理统计与淹没模型相结合的方法确定出的山洪风险等级,与实际情况基本相符。由于洪水记载和考察资料,往往对洪水淹没的高度记录准确,而对发生的具体时间通常是模糊的,本文得到的临界雨量指标是否能够预见洪水需要实例检验。通过2012年前汛期强降水过程的检验,虽然预警了低风险洪水事件,但是风险发生时间有差异,经过合理调整低风险临界雨量,满足了能够预见洪水的目的。对于其他等级的临界雨量的检验,有待于日后更多的实例,进行合理的调整,逐步完善翠江流域的山洪临界雨量指标。     

Oceanic climatology in the coupled model FGOALS-g2: Improvements and biases

The present study examines simulated oceanic climatology in the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) forced by historical external forcing data. The oceanic temperatures and circulations in FGOALS-g2 were found to be comparable to those observed, and substantially improved compared to those simulated by the previous version, FGOALS-g1.0. Compared with simulations by FGOALS-g1.0, the shallow mixed layer depths were better captured in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean in FGOALS-g2. In the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the cold biases of SST were about 1°C–5°C smaller in FGOALS-g2. The associated sea ice distributions and their seasonal cycles were more realistic in FGOALS-g2. The pattern of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was better simulated in FGOALS-g2, although its magnitude was larger than that found in observed data. The simulated Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport was about 140 Sv through the Drake Passage, which is close to that observed. Moreover, Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) was better captured in FGOALS-g2. However, large SST cold biases (>3°C) were still found to exist around major western boundary currents and in the Barents Sea, which can be explained by excessively strong oceanic cold advection and unresolved processes owing to the coarse resolution. In the Indo-Pacific warm pool, the cold biases were partly related to the excessive loss of heat from the ocean. Along the eastern coast in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the warm biases were due to overestimation of shortwave radiation. In the Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean, the surface fresh biases were mainly due to the biases of precipitation. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, the surface fresh biases (>2 psu) were mainly caused by excessive precipitation and oceanic advection. In the Indo-Pacific Ocean, fresh biases were also found to dominate in the upper 1000 m, except in the northeastern Indian Ocean. There were warm and salty biases (3°C–4°C and 1–2 psu) from the surface to the bottom in the Labrador Sea, which might be due to large amounts of heat transport and excessive evaporation, respectively. For vertical structures, the maximal biases of temperature and salinity were found to be located at depths of >600 m in the Arctic Ocean, and their values exceeded 4°C and 2 psu, respectively.     

Distribution of CMEs with Different Angular Widths and Comparison with the Phase of Sunspot Number in the 23rd Solar Cycle

The variation of the number of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with different angular widths in the period of 1996-2008 is analyzed statistically in this paper, together with a comparison of the feature of time variation between the number of CMEs with some typical angular widths and the number of sunspots.     

研究太阳分离活动体光谱不对称轮廓的“多云模型”方法和应用

本文提出了处理分离的太阳活动体光谱不对称轮廓的一种方法──“多云模型”方法。在某些假设和一定的近似条件下利用本文提出的方法可同时得到太阳多个分离活动体的视向速度Ｖ，多普勒线宽△λ_Ｄ和线心光学深度τ_０，源函数Ｓ的近似值。文章给出了该方法的几个应用实例并进行了讨论。研究表明，计算所得的Ｖ和△λ_Ｄ的值是较为可靠的，二云模型是处理由两个分离活动体沿视线重叠而产生的不对称轮廓较为有效的方法。     

利用小波变换进行遥感多光谱图像融合的算法及实现

在分析了小波变换的分解与重建方法后,提出了一种基于区域的图像增强算法。先提取出源图的边缘,以图像的边缘为参考,围绕边缘建立融合窗口,然后结合区域内的图像信息,应用基于窗口的融合规则进行融合处理。实验结果显示,融合后的图像综合了3幅源图像的不同特征,处理后的图像变得容易识别了。表明该方法保持了尽可能多的原始信息,算法简单,稳定性好,适合于多光谱遥感图像识别、医学成像等领域。     

实时相关跟踪图像处理系统

文章介绍了怀柔太阳观测基地最近完成的一套实时高分辨太阳磁场观测系统。系统采用局部相关跟踪算法来提高磁场观测数据的空间分辨率，同时对相关跟踪算法的实现程序进行了优化以满足常规太阳磁场观测的要求。通过对试观测和常规观测数据的分析，我们发现：1）该系统能够大大提高单色像、磁场数据的对比度和空间分辨率；2）对相关跟踪算法的优化大大提高了系统的时间分辨率，系统可以投入常规观测使用。     

被动型氢钟波谱信号观测装置的设计

简单介绍了被动型氢钟的量子系统,阐述了波谱信号观测装置的设计。该装置采用标准10MHz晶振产生被动型氢钟的微波激射信号(1.420406GHz),然后将该信号输入氢钟的脉泽振荡器中。脉泽振荡器输出的信号经过低噪声放大、两次混频及滤波后所得的谱线包含了量子系统的信息,通过分析最终的谱线即可得知量子系统的优劣。该装置已用于对两台被动型氢钟的测试,并根据测试结果对量子系统进行了改进。