Farmland Marginalization and Policy Implications in Mountainous Areas: A Case Study of Renhuai City,Guizhou

Farmland resources in mountainous areas are important for regional food security and ecological security. Studies concerning changes in farmland use in mountainous areas are of considerable significance in China. Here, we analyzed marginalization characteristics of farmland in Renhuai city from 2005 to 2011 and driving factors using land information systems, surveys of farmer households and statistical data. Our results indicate that from 2005 to 2011, 3095.76 hm² of farmland was converted to forest land and natural reserve, accounting for 5.45% of the total farmland area. This suggests significant marginalization of farmland. Marginalization of farmland in mountainous areas was affected by topography, labor forces and effectiveness of land management. Farmland with a greater slope gradient was more likely to be abandoned; among marginalized land in Renhuai, a slope greater than 15° accounted for 62.26%. A high non-agricultural employment rate of rural labor force and annual income per capita of farmer households in mountainous areas were consistent with high speed farmland marginalization. Low land management benefits were the key reason for farmland marginalization. Although farmland marginalization was advantageous for eco-environment protection and sustainable development in mountainous areas, it resulted in inefficient land resource utilization. A win-win model for the exploitation and utilization of sloping farmland should be explored for production development and environmental protection.     

中国大都市新移民的住房模式与影响机制

利用在广州、东莞、沈阳、成都、杭州、郑州6市进行配额抽样调查(2008-2009年)所获得的3168份问卷,采用Logistic回归分析等计量方法,研究快速城市化下中国大都市“新移民”的住房状况、模式与机制.研究表明,城市新移民已经成为一个日趋分化的复合群体,可分为劳力型移民、智力型移民、投资型移民三类,三类新移民住房状况存在较大差异.总体上,新移民人均住房面积为20.69m2,其中智力型新移民的人均住房面积最高(24.87 m2/人),劳力型新移民的最低(16.26 m2/人).就住房设施条件而言,新移民的设施指数为0.35,水平较低;其中投资型新移民的设施条件最好,智力型新移民的设施条件次之,劳力型新移民最差.经过多年市场化和户籍制度改革,社会经济要素对于新移民住房模式(购房或租房)的影响越来越大,但当前各类新移民的住房模式主要由制度因素(户口)所决定,职业因素对新移民住房模式的影响尚不显著.不过,职业对新移民租房的类型选择具有较大影响.此外,影响新移民住房设施水平的主要因素包括户口、收入水平、教育水平、婚姻状况、年龄和新移民类型等多个方面,其中户口仍是决定性因素.     

北斗三频消电离层组合周跳探测方法研究

为了实现在电离层活跃期对北斗三频观测值的周跳探测,在分析北斗三频观测值特性的基础上,推导并提出一种无几何无电离层组合周跳探测新方法,针对该方法存在不敏感周跳的问题,结合二次历元间差分的无几何相位组合法,对北斗三频观测数据进行周跳探测。并利用电离层高度活跃时期的观测数据对该方法进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法可以在强电离层影响下探测0~4周的小周跳,可考虑将其应用到北斗三频实时导航定位的周跳处理中。     

SIRT法层析成像在某核电站岩溶区的应用

本文阐述了联合迭代法的基本原理,通过4种典型速度模型的数值模拟实验,验证该方法的有效性。以最短路径法做正演,联合迭代法做反演对某核电站岩溶区的井间声波CT探测资料进行成像,最后给出溶洞可能存在的位置。     

地基微波辐射计资料在降水分析中的应用

利用地基微波辐射计的观测资料研究了2016年8月昆明长水国际机场出现的两次不同性质雷暴过程在不同发展阶段的温湿参量分布和演变特征,结果表明：（1）天气尺度强迫下雷暴前40 min,温湿廓线表现为低层温度降低、水汽密度升高,雷暴结束后趋于稳定,该变化可反映对流活动的起止。而局地热力雷暴前8 h~40 min,低层温度持续升高,降水前半小时水汽密度迅速升高,反映出了大气层不稳定能量积蓄过程和对流爆发前的空中水汽变化。（2）积分水汽含量（IWV）和云内液态水路径（LWP）在降水前有明显的陡增。天气尺度强迫下雷暴降水期间,IWV和LWP随着温度的增减相互转化,低层的剧烈降温,加速了水汽凝结饱和到降落的转化,造成降水强度进一步增大,对应IWV减小,转化为LWP和地面降水。热力雷暴降水期间,温度均匀变化,IWV、LWP均匀增长,水汽转化量极小,IWV增量远高于实际降水量。（3）大气可降水量（PW）在两类降水过程前半小时显著上升,天气尺度强迫下雷暴降水前总增幅达14.6 mm,局地热力雷暴降水过程前PW均匀增长7.6 mm。

     

潮湿混凝土植筋施工方案对锚固性能的影响

地下工程结构的广泛应用给人们提出了对其进行加固改造技术的新问题。由于地下工程结构所处位置的特殊性,施工工艺对潮湿混凝土的植筋效果有很大的影响。对植筋在荷载作用下的破坏机理和破坏形式进行了论述;对不同施工工艺下潮湿混凝土植筋在荷载作用下的破坏机理和破坏形态作了研究;比较了潮湿和干燥环境下混凝土植筋在荷载作用下的受力和破坏形态。结果表明,潮湿环境下施工工艺对植筋拉拔和锚固性能有较大影响。     

Breaking Criteria for Regular Waves on Gentle Slopes

Nelson pointed out that the wave breaking criterion(H/d)_b for gentle slopes(i<1/100),inwhich H is the wave height and d is the water depth at the breaking point,is smaller than that for beachslopes of i>1/100),i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be smaller than 0.6.Goda indicatedthat the wave breaking criterion given by himself is a result based on theoretical study,so it should be alsocorrect and can be used for gentle beaches,i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be still largerthan 0.7.By use of high order nonlinear wave theory,this problem is analyzed in this study and the reasonwhy there is a large difference between different studies is explained.Moreover,the bottom energy loss dur-ing wave propagation is considered and the critical slope for the absence of wave breaking is also analyzed.     

边坡开挖破坏过程的离心模型试验研究

边坡开挖是工程中经常遇到的问题。在清华大学土工离心机上,开发了一种离心机运转过程中的边坡开挖模拟技术。进行了土坡开挖的离心模型试验,测量了开挖过程中边坡的位移场变化。结果表明,边坡的破坏过程是从坡体下部开始的剪切带逐渐向上发展贯通的过程,并经历了滑裂面贯通前的平缓变形和贯通后变形迅速增大两个阶段。坡顶裂缝最初均是由受拉引起的,但随着剪切带的不断向上发展,裂缝的扩展是由拉伸和剪切两种作用综合引起的。     

辽宁长海浮筏养殖对聚球藻蓝细菌分布的影响

1 引言 辽宁省长海县海域具有较高的生产力,是辽宁省的水产养殖重点海域.浮筏养殖和底播增殖虾夷扇贝,已发展成为长海县的支柱经济产业,其产值占全县渔业总产值的90％以上.但是,近几年来长海海域生态环境存在急剧恶化趋势,增养殖海域自身污染越来越为严重,养殖病害频繁发生,成为限制海洋生态渔业可持续发展的重要因素[1].