The Geochemistry of Lavas from the Gomores Archipelago, Western Indian Ocean: Petrogenesis and Mantle Source Region Characteristics

New mineral and bulk-rock analyses, as well as Nd, Sr and Pbisotope compositions are presented for lavas from Grande Comore,Moheli and Mayotte, thru of the four main islands of the ComoresArchipelago in the western Indian Ocean, and these data an usedto evaluate the petrogenesis, evolution and mantle source regioncharacteristics of Comorean lavas. The typically silica-undersaturated,alkaline lavas from all three islands can be grouped into twodistinct types: La Grille-type (LGT) lavas, which display strongrelative depletions in K, and Karthala-type (KT) lavas, whichdo not. With the exception of the lavas erupted by La Grillevolcano on Grande Comore, which exhibit the petrographic andgeochemical characteristics expected of primary mantle-derivedmagmas, all Comorean lavas analysed have experienced compositionalmodifications after they segregated from their source regions.Much of this variation can be explained quantitatively by fractionalcrystallization processes dominated by the fractionation ofolivineand clinopyroxene. Semi-quantitative modelling shows that theconsistent and fundamental difference in composition betweenK-depleted LGT lavas and normal KT lavas can be attributed topartial melting processes, provided amphibole is a residualmantle phase after extraction of LGT magmas at low degrees ofmelting. Low absolute abundances of the heavy rare earth elementsin LGT magmas are interpreted to reflect partial melting withinthe garnet stability field In contrast, KT magmas, which donot show relative K depletions, are considered to be the productsof somewhat larger degrees of partial melting of an amphibolefreesource at comparatively shallower depths. Whereas the Nd andSr isotopic compositions of Comorean lavas (which show a significantrange: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70319–0.70393; ¹⁴³Nd/Nd = 0.51263–0.51288)bear evidence for a time-averaged depletion in incompatibleelements, the high incompatible element abundances of the lavasare interpreted to reflect the effects of a recent mantle enrichmentevent. At depths well within the garnet stability field thismantle enrichment is interpreted to have taken the form of modalmetasomatism with the introduction of amphibole (giving riseto the source of LGT magmas), whereas cryptic metasomatism tookplace at shallower levels (giving rise to the source of KT lavas).The Nd, Sr and Pb isotope signature of the majority of Comoreanlavas (both LGT and KT) is proposed to be the result of predominant4contributions from a somewhat heterogeneous source4 4 4 presentativeof the ambient sub-Comorean mantle, comprising a mixture betweena HIMU component and a component on the depleted portion ofthe mantle array (possibly the source of Indian Ocean MORB),with only limited contributions from an EM I plume component.The lavas erupted by Karthala volcano (the youngest Comoreanlavas), however, have significantly different isotopic compositionsfrom all other Comorean lavas (lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and higher⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr), suggesting increased contributions from the EM Icomponent. KEY WORDS: basalt petrogenesis; Comores; mantle geochemistry; ocean island basalts ^*Telephone: 27-21-6502921. Fax: 27-21-6503781 e-mail: alr{at}geology.uct.ac.za.     

Fractal Characteristics of Shale Reservoir Based on the High-pressure Mercury Injection Method

<正>1 Introduction Shale of continental basin of east China general is a product of lake face,from shallow lake to deep lake.It is also a good cap rock to prevent oil and gas emission.The shale generally has bigger special surface area,its pore is small,its structure is complex,and it is easy to absorb water,     

太湖水体浮游植物光谱吸收系数参数化模型研究

针对太湖水域特有藻种组成的浮游植物光谱吸收系数,利用实测数据对Ciotti光谱吸收系数模型进行改进和演化,得到新的基于藻类粒径组成(模型3)和种类组成(模型4)的太湖水体浮游植物光谱吸收系数模型。对模型进行比较发现,模型3和模型4能够较好地模拟太湖水体浮游植物的光谱吸收系数,分别适用于中、低和高叶绿素质量浓度的太湖水体浮游植物的光谱吸收系数的拟合。     

水体多次散射作用对分析模型f值贡献率的影响因素分析

基于HYDROLIGHT光学模拟软件模拟水表面以下辐照度比R(0~-)和参数f值,着重分析多次散射作用对f值的贡献率以及太阳天顶角、风速和b_b/(a+b_b)对贡献率的影响,结果表明:多次散射作用对参数f的贡献率受到太阳天顶角、风速和b_b/(a+b_b)的共同影响,使得多次散射作用具有一定的时空差异;贡献率P_(ms)在太阳天顶角从0(°)～85(°)的范围内,随太阳天顶角的增加呈现波动状态,但这种波动随b_b/(a+b_b)值的增加而减弱,P_(ms)在0m/s到4m/s的范围内存在较大的波动,而当风速增加到4m/s时,几乎不随风速的变化而变化;多次散射作用对参数f的贡献率最大值可以达到24.41%,因此在内陆湖泊高散射特性水体中必须考虑多次散射作用对R(0~-)的影响.     

太湖水下平均余弦计算模型研究

基于太湖实测散射系数数据估算水下平均散射次数,结合Hydrolight软件模拟水下平均余弦,对二者的相关关系进行分析;根据单个样点、各个水层求算的水下平均余弦经验模型,确定水下平均余弦估算的最佳模式为二次方程,利用二次方程的二次项、一次项和常数项系数与平均散射次数的高度相关性,建立了利用平均散射次数估算二次方程系数的模型,从而建立了利用平均散射次数计算水下平均余弦的经验模型.模型检验表明:0.6m深度平均误差不高于1.712%,0.9m深度平均误差不高于1.982%,1.2m深度平均误差不高于2.05%,1.5m深度平均误差不高于4.22%,4个深度总的平均误差不高于2.491%.     

富营养化的太湖水体叶绿素a浓度模型反演

半经验模型反演叶绿素a浓度是目前遥感反演水体叶绿素a浓度的主要方法。但是,大量研究结果表明,太湖水体浑浊,富营养化严重,各种半经验模型的反演精度和模型适用性有较大差异。因此,研究一种既满足一定精度要求,又具有时间普适性的叶绿素a浓度反演算法,对提高模型适用性,促进遥感的反演应用具有重要意义。本研究通过2005年6-10月地面实测数据,建立太湖叶绿素a浓度一阶微分反演模型、波段比值反演模型和三波段反演模型,对比各模型反演效果,认为波段比值模型与三波段模型具有较好的反演效果。运用2006年11月和2007年11月实测数据对这三种模型加以检验,结果表明,三波段模型反演高富营养化的太湖水体,不仅精度高,平均误差仅为实测浓度差的8.3%,而且适用性较强,不同年份数据的检验结果证明平均误差均低于实测浓度差的20%。因此,三波段模型是这三种反演模型中效果最好的一类模型。     

银河宇宙线对1991年3月日冕物质抛射的监测

利用McMurdo 和Thule台站的观测资料以及我国广州宇宙线台站的观测资料，分 析了1991年3月24日特大磁暴的日冕物质抛射(简称：CME)的部分特征. 分析结果表明CME到 达磁层时，其运动 方向不是正对着磁层顶而是一定程度地偏向地球南半球；这次事件引起银河宇宙线强度出现 三次Forbush下降. CME中含有很强的磁场结构，最强的磁场结构是在1991年3月24日20：00U T 左右到达磁层的，在这期间它严重阻碍着银河宇宙线粒子南向进入到广州宇宙线观测站，在 24日21：00UT最强的磁场结构绕过地球到达磁尾；这次CME中含有较强的磁云.     

药物中间体2-乙基苯并咪唑的合成

报道了以邻苯二胺和丙酸为原料,磷酸催化合成药物中间体２－乙基苯并咪唑的研究。对反应条件进行了试验,结果表明,最佳的反应条件为：邻苯二胺与丙酸的摩尔比为１∶２．５,反应时间为２．０ｈ,反应温度约为１００℃,催化剂磷酸的用量为１．５ｍＬ,析出的游离２－乙基苯并咪唑的ｐＨ为９～１０。合成的转化率高达７８．０９％。     

舟山海岛旅游环境可持续发展初步研究

对舟山海岛旅游资源和旅游环境现状进行了调查研究 ,指出该区具有丰富的旅游资源 ,且旅游环境仍处在良好的水平上 ,但随着旅游业的发展 ,环境问题也日益显露 ,提出了旅游业可持续发展的对策和建议。